Abstract This study investigates the effect of microglial activation on glutamate transporters in vitro. Stimuli known to activate microglia and/or be associated with pathological conditions an impaired astroglial uptake were compared. Morphological changes and marked increases ED1 antigen expression found after 8‐h incubation rat 56 mM KCl, 1 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 μM glutamate, as well acidic basic conditions, showing that cells activated. Of stimuli used, only LPS induced a...

Abstract Hyperammonaemia has deleterious effects on the CNS in patients with liver dysfunction. Cellular mechanisms underlying of hyperammonaemia are largely unknown, although astrocytes have been main target interest. This study investigated how treatment NH 4 Cl and lactate, which increase brain as a consequence hyperammonaemia, affects cells primary rat cultures enriched either or microglia. Morphological changes were studied over time using light microscopy. Release proinflammatory...

Mental fatigue, with decreased concentration capacity, is common in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, often appearing prior to other major mental or physical neurological symptoms. fatigue also makes rehabilitation more difficult after a stroke, brain trauma, meningitis encephalitis. As increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines are reported these disorders, we wanted explore whether not could induce if so, by what mechanisms. It well known that depression, "sickness...

Topiramate (TPM) is a structurally novel broad spectrum anticonvulsant known to have negative modulatory effect on the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate subtypes of glutamate receptors and some types voltage-gated Na(+) Ca(2+) channels, positive gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) at least one type K(+) channels in neurons. In an earlier work, we showed that TPM (100 mum) AMPA/kainate neurons dependent modulation phosphorylation state these receptors....

Elevated dopamine levels are believed to contribute the rewarding sensation of ethanol (EtOH), and previous research has shown that strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in nucleus accumbens (nAc) involved regulating release mediating reinforcing effects EtOH. Furthermore, osmoregulator taurine, which is released from astrocytes treated with EtOH, can act as an endogenous ligand for receptor, increase extracellular levels. The aim this study was address if EtOH-induced swelling could...

Astrocytes respond to inflammatory stimuli and may be important modulators of the response in nervous system. This study aimed first assess how astrocytes primary culture behave concerning intracellular Ca(2+) responses, expression Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, actin filament organization, cytokines. In a cell model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), astrocyte was assessed acute phase then after incubation LPS for 1-48 h. The concentration curve LPS-stimulated responses...

Background: Nowadays, a transfemoral amputation prosthesis can be fitted to the skeleton using an osseointegrated implant, that is, without socket. Treated patients have reported improvements in quality of life. Objectives: To investigate differences prosthetic costs and service prostheses compared socket-suspended prostheses. Study Design: Retrospective cost analysis survey. Methods: Costs noted visits during mean ~10 years were taken from one workshop included 50 with unilateral (36...

Topiramate (TPM) is a structurally novel broad-spectrum anticonvulsant known to modulate the activity of several ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels in neurons. These include an inhibitory effect on AMPA kainate subtypes glutamate receptors, mixed modulatory effects (usually positive) some types GABAA negative Na+ Ca2+ channels, positive at least one type K+ channel. The nature these molecular level has not been established, but two previous studies have implicated phosphorylation state...

Astrocytes represent a major target for endothelins (ETs), family of peptides that have potent and multiple effects on signal transduction pathways can be released by several cell types in the brain. In present study we investigated involvement different ET receptor subtypes intercellular dye diffusion, intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis, signaling cultured rat astrocytes from hippocampus striatum. Depending concentration involved, ET-1- ET-3-induced increases with response patterns. Both ET-1...