A5041045556- Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Respiratory viral infections research
- Reproductive tract infections research
- Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Genital Health and Disease
- Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Pelvic floor disorders treatments
- Virology and Viral Diseases
- Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Urinary Tract Infections Management
- Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Immune responses and vaccinations
- Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Legionella and Acanthamoeba research
- Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
- Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Issues
Ministry of Health
2025
University of Otago
2017-2024
WaterAid
2024
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
2009-2019
University of Bern
2009-2019
World Bank Group
2019
World Bank
2019
Medtronic (Israel)
2017
Office of Diversity and Inclusion
2017
University of California, Irvine
2017
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies are frequently performed, but no widely accepted guidance is available at present. We performed a systematic scoping review published methodological recommendations on how to systematically meta-analyse studies. searched online databases websites contacted experts in the field locate potentially eligible articles. included articles that provided any type recommendation conduct extracted summarised pre-defined key items: protocol...
To evaluate strategies used to select cases and controls how reported odds ratios are interpreted, the authors examined 150 case-control studies published in leading general medicine, epidemiology, clinical specialist journals from 2001 2007. Most of (125/150; 83%) were based on incident cases; among these, source population was mostly dynamic (102/125; 82%). A minority (23/125; 18%) sampled a fixed cohort. Among with cases, 105 (84%) could interpret ratio as rate ratio. Fifty-seven (46%...
Interaction refers to the situation in which effect of 1 exposure on an outcome differs across strata another exposure. We did a survey epidemiologic studies published leading journals examine how interaction is assessed and reported.We selected 150 case-control 75 cohort between May 2001 2007 general medicine, epidemiology, clinical specialist journals. Two reviewers independently extracted data study characteristics.Of 225 studies, 138 (61%) addressed interaction. Among these, 25 (18%)...
Aerosolized vaccine can be used as a needle-free method of immunization against measles, disease that remains major cause illness and death. Data on the immunogenicity aerosolized measles in children are inconsistent.We conducted an open-label noninferiority trial involving 9.0 to 11.9 months age India who were eligible receive first dose vaccine. Children randomly assigned single by means either aerosol inhalation or subcutaneous injection. The primary end points seropositivity for...
Abstract Legionella longbeachae, found in soil and compost-derived products, is a globally underdiagnosed cause of Legionnaires' disease. We conducted case–control study L. longbeachae disease Canterbury, New Zealand. Case-patients were persons hospitalized with pneumonia, controls randomly sampled from the electoral roll for area served by participating hospital. Among 31 cases 172 controls, risk factors chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history smoking >10 years, exposure to compost...
In the last decade, sanitation service chain model has become de facto framework for urban non-networked sanitation. People, ways of living and conditions that underpin sustainable services, are too often overlooked in current conceptualizations delivery. As sector moves towards a new paradigm Citywide Inclusive Urban Sanitation, we suggest it is timely to revisit conceptual framing The Sanitation Cityscape citywide It identifies key factors locates those using three environments: Living...
Sanitation interventions routinely overlook the implications of secure tenure for investment on part households. Drawing upon primary field research in Dakar, this paper presents a citywide sanitation planning framework that combines existing approaches with householders’ logic as function their security and status. The resulting framework, Cityscape, maps what is happening to faecal material scale why, thus providing snapshot status city rationale targeted along service chain. offers an...
Abstract Two billion people globally lack access to a basic toilet, and sanitation is critical determinant of health well-being. Evaluations programmes typically measure disease or behaviour, visual analogue scales (VASs) have not been used users’ feelings about their level sanitation. In this study, we assess the validity horizontal VAS numbered 0–10, with end anchors ‘best imaginable’ ‘worst Kumasi, Ghana, surveyed 291 participants before after uptake container-based service. Maputo,...
Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from the ascending spread of microorganisms, including Chlamydia trachomatis, to upper genital tract. Screening could improve outcomes by identifying and treating chlamydial infections before they progress PID (direct effect) or reducing chlamydia transmission (indirect effect). Methods: We developed a compartmental model that represents hypothetical heterosexual population explicitly incorporates progression clinical PID. screening was...
Rapid urbanization in developing countries demands better integration of planning and delivery basic services if cities are to be sustainable, healthy safe. Sanitation improvements commonly overlooked as investments go towards more visible such water supplies drainage networks. The Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation hygiene currently remains severely off-track. This paper presents the findings a Delphi method survey identify expert consensus on both why how integrate sanitation, by...
Pathogenic bacteria are often asymptomatically carried in the nasopharynx. Bacterial carriage can be reduced by vaccination and has been used as an alternative endpoint to clinical disease randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Vaccine efficacy (VE) is usually calculated 1 minus a measure of effect. Estimates vaccine from cross-sectional data collected RCTs based on prevalence odds ratios (PORs) (PRs), but it unclear when these should measured.We developed dynamic compartmental transmission...
Abstract Two billion people globally lack access to a basic toilet, and sanitation is critical determinant of health wellbeing. Evaluations programmes typically measure disease or behaviour, visual analogue scales (VAS) have not been used users’ feelings about their level sanitation. In this study, we assess the validity VAS numbered 0–10, with end-anchors best worst imaginable Kumasi, Ghana, surveyed 291 participants before after uptake container-based service. Maputo, Mozambique, 424 from...
Zoonotic pathogen transmission is of growing concern globally, with agricultural intensification facilitating interactions between humans, livestock and wild animals.