Shape-Shifting Signals Although orthogonal signaling systems seem to direct various developmental processes, few tissues remain in the same shape as they are at initiation that of final form. Arabidopsis leaves free cell migrations complicate animal development, and thus allowed Kuchen et al. (p. 1092 ) track model trajectory leaf growth under a variety perturbations. Varying values parameters their produced outputs different shapes ranging from obcordate, ovate, oval elliptic, offered...

In Arabidopsis, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ABI5 activates several late embryogenesis–abundant genes, including AtEm1 and AtEm6. However, expression of many other seed maturation genes is independent ABI5. We investigated possibility that homologs also participate in regulation gene during maturation. identified 13 ABI5-related Arabidopsis genomic sequence. RNA gel blot analysis showed seven these are active they display distinct kinetics. isolated characterized two mutant...

The Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA) insensitive (ABI)5 transcription factor participates in the ABA‐dependent induction of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes final stages seed development. We tested whether VP16 transcriptional activation domain is sufficient to provide ABI5 with ability activate AtEm LEA vegetative tissues. took advantage a new transgenic selection assay based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence and found that VP16‐ABI5 triggered growth retardation...

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains approximately 80 genes encoding basic leucine zipper transcription factors, divided into 11 groups. Abscisic Acid-Insensitive 5 (ABI5) is one of the 13 members group A and involved in ABA signalling during seed maturation, germination. Seven other this are expressed but only them (Enhanced Em Level, EEL) has been functionally characterized developmental phase. Since EEL two genes, AtbZIP67 AREB3 (ABA-Responsive Element Binding protein 3), display...

The root nodule nitrogen fixing symbiosis between legume plants and soil bacteria called rhizobia is of great agronomical ecological interest since it provides the plant with fixed atmospheric nitrogen. establishment this mediated by recognition host lipo-chitooligosaccharides Nod Factors (NFs), produced rhizobia. This highly specific, as precise NF structures are required depending on plant. Here, we study importance different LysM domains a LysM-Receptor Like Kinase (LysM-RLK) from...

Legumes have evolved the capacity to form a root nodule symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia. The establishment of this involves specific developmental events occurring both in epidermis (notably bacterial entry) and at distance underlying cortical cells cell divisions leading organogenesis). processes entry organogenesis are tightly linked depend on rhizobial production lipo-chitooligosaccharide molecules Nod factors. However, how these coordinated remains poorly understood. Here,...

Summary Myc‐ LCO s are newly identified symbiotic signals produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi. Like rhizobial Nod factors, they lipo‐chitooligosaccharides that activate the common signalling pathway CSSP in plants. To increase our limited understanding of roles we aimed to analyse ‐induced transcriptional changes and their genetic control. Whole genome RNA sequencing ‐seq) was performed on roots Medicago truncatula wild‐type plants, dmi3 nsp1 mutants affected nodulation...

A key approach to understanding how genes control growth and form is analyze mutants in which shape size have been perturbed. Although many of this kind described plants animals, a general quantitative framework for describing them has yet be established. Here we describe an based on Principal Component Analysis organ landmarks outlines. Applying method collection leaf Arabidopsis Antirrhinum allows low-dimensional spaces constructed that capture the variations size. Mutant phenotypes can...

Nodulation (Nod) factors (NFs) are symbiotic molecules produced by rhizobia that essential for establishment of the rhizobium–legume endosymbiosis. Purified NFs can stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) in Medicago truncatula, but little is known about molecular mechanisms involved. Using a combination reporter constructs, pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show act on early steps LRF M. independently ethylene signaling pathway cytokinin receptor MtCRE1, interaction with auxin. We...

Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are microbial symbiotic signals that also influence root growth. In Medicago truncatula, LCOs stimulate lateral formation (LRF) synergistically with auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and whether it is restricted to legume plants not known. We have addressed capacity model monocot Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) respond auxin for LRF. For this, we used a combination phenotyping assays, live-imaging quantification, analysed...

The plant root system is important for anchorage and nutrition. Among the different characteristics of system, branching a major factor plasticity adaptation to changing environments. Indeed, many biotic abiotic stresses, such as drought or symbiotic interactions, influence branching. Many studies concerning development were performed on model Arabidopsis thaliana, but this has very simplified structure not able establish any interactions. We have recently described 7 stages lateral in...

Promoters with tissue-specific activity are very useful to address cell-autonomous and non cell autonomous functions of candidate genes. Although this strategy is widely used in Arabidopsis thaliana, its use study regulation root symbiotic interactions legumes has only started recently. Moreover, using tissue specific promoter drive a GAL4-VP16 chimeric transcription factor that can bind short upstream activation sequences (UAS) an efficient way target enhance the expression any gene...

Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) were originally found as symbiotic signals called Nod Factors (Nod-LCOs) controlling the nodulation of legumes by rhizobia. More recently, LCOs also in fungi and, more surprisingly, very widely kingdom Fungi, including saprophytic and pathogenic fungi. The LCO-V(C18:1, fucosylated/methyl fucosylated), hereafter Fung-LCOs, are LCO structures most commonly This raises question how legume plants such Medicago truncatula can discriminate between Nod-LCOs...

Auxin is a major phytohormone that controls root development. A role for auxin also emerging in the control of plant–microbe interactions, including establishment endosymbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). perception important both colonization by AMF arbuscule formation. produce symbiotic signals called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) can modify homeostasis promote lateral formation (LRF). Since Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) has different sensitivity...

Legumes can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia (the RL symbiosis). They also, like most plants, symbiotic associations arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which facilitate plants' phosphate nutrition. In both interactions, the symbionts are hosted inside plant root. Nitrogen-fixing housed in intracellular structures within nodules, while AM fungi structures, arbuscules, cortical root cells. These two endosymbioses present other similarities, including...

Lateral roots are crucial for plant growth and development, making them an important target research aiming to improve crop yields food security. However, their endogenous ontogeny and, as it were, stochastic appearance challenge study. Root Inducible Systems (LRIS) can be used overcome these challenges by inducing lateral massively synchronously. The combination of LRISs with transcriptomic approaches significantly advanced our insights in the molecular control root formation, particular...

Summary Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) were originally found as symbiotic signals called Nod Factors (Nod-LCOs) controlling nodulation of legumes by rhizobia. More recently LCOs also in fungi and, more surprisingly, very widely the kingdom including saprophytic and pathogenic fungi. The LCO-V(C18:1, Fuc/MeFuc), hereafter Fung-LCOs, are LCO structures most commonly This raises question how legume plants, such Medicago truncatula , can perceive discriminate between Nod-LCOs these Fung-LCOs....