Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors and thought patterns. Although patients with OCD report that these compulsive are unproductive often senseless, they unable to desist. This study investigated whether the urge perform acts mediated a disruption in balance between flexible, goal-directed action control habitual behavior.A total of 21 30 healthy comparison subjects participated set tasks designed assess relative versus behavioral control....

Why are some individuals more susceptible to the formation of inflexible habits than others? In present study, we used diffusion tensor imaging demonstrate that brain connectivity predicts individual differences in relative goal-directed and habitual behavioral control humans. Specifically, vulnerability “slips action” toward no-longer-rewarding outcomes was predicted by estimated white matter tract strength premotor cortex seeded from posterior putamen (as well as gray density determined...

Substance dependence is characterized by compulsive drug-taking despite negative consequences. Animal research suggests an underlying imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action control with chronic drug use. However, this imbalance, its associated neurophysiological mechanisms, has not yet been experimentally investigated in human abusers. The aim of the present study therefore was to assess balance habit-based learning neural correlates abstinent alcohol-dependent (AD) patients. A...

Passive social media use (PSMU)-for example, scrolling through news feeds-has been associated with depression symptoms. It is unclear, however, if PSMU causes symptoms or vice versa. In this study, 125 students reported PSMU, symptoms, and stress 7 times daily for 14 days. We used multilevel vector autoregressive time-series models to estimate (a) contemporaneous, (b) temporal, (c) between-subjects associations among these variables. More time spent on was higher levels of interest loss,...

Punishment doesn't work in cocaine addicts Addiction is extremely difficult to treat, particularly use disorder. Animal experiments have led the concept of drug addiction as abnormal goal-directed learning and habit formation. Ersche et al. found that overtraining with positive reinforcement such rewards made cocaine-addicted patients less sensitive outcome their actions. In contrast, on a punishment paradigm had no effect. Thus, habits may determine behavior users. Science , this issue p. 1468

Habits are repetitive behaviors that become ingrained with practice, routine, and repetition.The more we repeat an action, the stronger our habits become.Behavioral clinical neuroscientists have increasingly interested in this topic because may contribute to aspects of maladaptive human behavior, such as compulsive behavior psychiatry.Numerous studies demonstrated can be induced otherwise healthy rats by simply overtraining stimulus-response behaviors.However, despite growing interest its...

Abstract Habit change is often seen as key to successful long‐term behaviour change. Making ‘good’ behaviours habitual—that is, ensuring a prompted automatically on exposure situational cues, based cue‐response associations learnt through context‐consistent repetition—is portrayed mechanism for sustaining such over time. Conversely, disrupting ‘bad’ habits expected terminate longstanding unwanted actions. Yet, some commentators have suggested that the role of habit in real‐world and has been...

Abstract Previous studies showed the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse to be an excellent animal model for human fragile‐X syndrome. The aim of this study was further characterize phenotype these animals. Neuroanatomically, KO male mice were compared wild‐types (littermates) with respect their sizes hippocampal intra‐ and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIPMF) terminal fields. Behaviorally, they tested in four different paradigms, each measuring aspects cognitive emotional behavior: elevated plus maze...

According to dual-system accounts, instrumental learning is supported by both a goal-directed and habitual system. Although behavioral control the system, through outcome–action associations, dominates with moderate training, stimulus–response associations are thought form concurrently in habit It therefore challenging isolate neural substrate of system neuroimaging research healthy human volunteers. Recently, however, de Wit et al. (2007) developed an discrimination task that distinguishes...

Abstract Tics are sometimes described as voluntary movements performed in an automatic or habitual way. Here, we addressed the question of balance between goal-directed and behavioural control Gilles de la Tourette syndrome formally tested hypothesis enhanced habit formation these patients. To this aim, administered a three-stage instrumental learning paradigm to 17 unmedicated antipsychotic-medicated patients with matched controls. In first stage task, participants learned...

Abstract This study presents the first direct investigation of hypothesis that dopamine depletion dorsal striatum in mild Parkinson disease leads to impaired stimulus–response habit formation, thereby rendering behavior slow and effortful. However, using an instrumental conflict task, we show patients are able rely on associations when a goal-directed strategy causes response conflict, suggesting formation is not impaired. If anything our results suggest severity–dependent deficit behavior....

Human behavior can be paradoxical, in that actions initiated are seemingly incongruent with an individual's explicit desires. This is most commonly observed drug addiction, where maladaptive (i.e. seeking) appears to compulsive, continuing at great personal cost. Approach biases towards addictive substances have been correlated actual drug-use a number of studies, suggesting this measure can, some cases, index everyday tendencies. At present it unclear whether bias cues Pavlovian conditioned...

Dopamine is well known to play an important role in learning and motivation. Recent animal studies have implicated dopamine the reinforcement of stimulus-response habits, as flexible, goal-directed action. However, human action control still not understood.We present first investigation effect reducing function healthy volunteers on balance between habitual control.The dietary intervention acute phenylalanine tyrosine depletion (APTD) was adopted study effects reduced global control....

Background Most studies aiming to predict transition psychosis for individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) have focused on either neurocognitive or clinical variables and made little effort combine the two. Furthermore, most a dichotomous measure of rather than continuous functional outcome. We aimed investigate relative value predicting both Methods Forty-three UHR 47 controls completed an extensive assessment baseline participated in long-term follow-up approximately six years later....

Abstract “Slips of action” occur in everyday life when we momentarily lose sight a goal (for example, rush or distracted). Associative models propose that these habitual responses can be activated via direct stimulus-response (S-R) mechanism, regardless the current hedonic value outcome. The slips-of-action task (SOAT) has been extensively used both healthy and pathological populations to measure habit tendencies, likelihood making erroneous for devalued outcomes. Inspection behavioral...

The associative structure mediating goal-directed action was investigated using congruent and incongruent conditional discriminations. stimulus the same as outcome in each component of discriminations, whereas one discriminations other component. Humans, but not rats, learned discrimination more rapidly than discrimination, a difference that authors attribute to fact outcome-response associations caused response conflict discrimination. Moreover, responding resistant devaluation following...

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore brain responses food images in overweight humans, examining independently the impact of a prescan meal (“satiety”) and anti-obesity drug sibutramine, serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. identified significantly different these manipulations amygdala, hypothalamus, ventral striatum. Each region was specifically responsive high-calorie compared low-calorie images. However, striatal response attenuated by satiety (but unaffected...

Optimal behavioral performance results from a balance between goal-directed and habitual systems of control, which are modulated by ascending monoaminergic projections. While the role dopaminergic system in control has been recently addressed, extent to changes global serotonin neurotransmission could influence these 2 is still poorly understood. We employed dietary acute tryptophan depletion procedure reduce 18 healthy volunteers matched controls. used 3-stage instrumental learning paradigm...

An important focus of studies individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis has been to identify biomarkers predict which will transition psychosis. However, the majority prove be resilient and go on experience remission their symptoms function well. The aim this study was investigate possibility using structural MRI measures collected in UHR adolescents baseline quantitatively long-term clinical outcome level functioning. We included 64 62 typically developing (12-18 years old...

Background Youths with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) experience severe distress and impaired functioning at school home. Critical cognitive domains for daily academic success are learning, memory, flexibility goal-directed behavioural control. Performance in these important among teenagers OCD was therefore investigated this study. Methods A total of 36 youths healthy comparison subjects completed two memory tasks: Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Paired Associates Learning (PAL); as...