Ears of Brn3c null mutants develop immature hair cells, identifiable only by certain molecular markers, and undergo apoptosis in neonates. This partial development cells could lead to enough neurotrophin expression sustain sensory neurons through embryonic development. We have therefore investigated these the patterns innervation known neurotrophins.At birth there is a limited BDNF NT-3 mutant epithelia DiI tracing shows no specific reduction afferents or efferents that resembles mutations....

A striking feature of vestibular hair cells is the polarized arrangement their stereocilia as basis for directional sensitivity. In mammals, each end organs characterized by a distinct distribution these cells. We utilized technique post-fixation transganglionic neuronal tracing with fluorescent lipid soluble dyes in embryonic and postnatal mice to investigate whether polarity characteristics correlate pattern connections between endorgans central targets; nuclei cerebellum. found that...

The pectoralis major (PM) and minor (PMi) are muscles located in the anterior chest wall. PM is a fan-shaped muscle composed of clavicular sternocostal heads. Typically, head originates from surface medial half clavicle. head, just inferior to sternum, superior six costal cartilages, aponeurosis external oblique muscle. PMi lies deep into PM, positioned on top rib cage. Innervation these provided by lateral pectoral nerves. Pectoralis anomalies can occur due congenital reasons, genetic...

Background: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves responsible for the motor and sensory innervation upper limb. Variations in formation course are well documented, though combinations multiple unilateral abnormalities rare. complex pathology this structure nerve may result clinical consequences. We present unique set involving C4–C6 roots, superior middle trunks, additional communicating branches, delayed median union. Case Presentation: During routine dissection 70-year-old female...

Herein, we will review molecular aspects of vestibular ear development and present them in the context evolutionary changes hair cell regeneration. Several genes guide anterior posterior canals. Although some these are also important for horizontal canal development, this strongly depends on a single gene, Otx1. Otx1 governs segregation saccule utricle. essential otoconia cupula formation, but protein interactions necessary to form maintain or not yet understood. Nerve fiber guidance...

Abstract In jawed (gnathostome) vertebrates, the inner ears have three semicircular canals arranged orthogonally in Cartesian planes: one horizontal (lateral) and two vertical canals. They function as detectors for angular acceleration their respective planes. Living jawless craniates, cyclostomes (hagfish lamprey) fossil records seemingly lack a lateral canal. The vertebrate hagfish ear is described torus or doughnut, having canal, lamprey two. These observations on anatomy of cyclostome...

The endorgan-specific distribution of vestibular ganglion cells was studied in neonatal and postnatal rats mice using indocarbocyanine dye (DiI) dextran amines for retrograde anterograde labeling. Retrograde DiI tracing from the anterior vertical canal labeled neurons scattered throughout whole superior ganglion, with denser labeling at dorsal central regions. Horizontal were along dorsoventral axis more clustering toward ventral poles this axis. Utricular occupied predominantly region...

ABSTRACT Perception of linear acceleration and head position is the function utricle saccule in mammals. Nonmammalian vertebrates possess a third otolith endorgan, macula lagena. Different functions have been ascribed to lagena arboreal birds, including hearing, equilibrium, homing behavior, magnetoreception. However, no conclusive evidence on birds currently available. The present study aimed at providing neuroanatomical substrate for chicken as an example terrestrial birds. afferents from...

BACKGROUND The brachial plexus is a complex neural structure providing motor and sensory innervation to structures of the arm, shoulder, upper chest. anatomical typically divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords. Due presence multiple nerve roots branches, variations are common. Awareness from normal anatomy important in imaging, administration blocks, surgical procedures neck shoulder region. CASE REPORT We present case anatomic right identified cadaver during routine dissection. To...

BACKGROUND The configuration of the hepatic arteries is known to vary substantially between individuals. Here, we report a rare retroperitoneal an accessory artery existing alongside left and right branching from proper artery. During routine dissection, discovered anomalous that does not fit commonly used categorizations for abnormal vasculature. We briefly discuss potential implications this finding. CASE REPORT branch directly common supply liver. arises superior mesenteric artery,...

The maxillary vibrissal pad is a unique, richly innervated sensory apparatus. It highly evolved in the rodent that it constitutes major source of information to somatosensory cortex. In this report, indocarbocyanine tracing and immunofluorescence were used study embryonic early neonatal development innervation follicles mice. first sign follicle occurred at day 12 (E12), when lateral nasal processes penetrated by nerve branches with small terminal plexuses assuming positions primordia....

Abstract The inner ear of the sea lamprey was examined by scanning electron microscopy, antibody labeling with tubulin , Myo7a Spectrin and Phalloidin stain to elucidate canal cristae organization morphology polarity hair cells. We characterized cell stereocilia bundles their morphological respect kinocilia. identified three types In Type 1 cells, kinocilia were slightly longer than tallest stereocilia. This type located along medial bank crista polarity, based on location, uniformly pointed...

Abstract The intracranial distribution of the cephalic branches superior cervical ganglion (scg) was studied in mice using indocarbocyanine dye (DiI) anterograde tracing. Two main were traced from scg. first branch joined nerve pterygoid canal (the vidian nerve), npc, which several sympathetic passed to trigeminal (tgn), abducent (abn), trochlear (trn), and oculomotor (ocn). Most second abn, fibers dispersed distal region (tgg) form a plexus close ganglion's branches. Branches this tgn, trn,...

The ansa cervicalis (AC) is a neural loop within the carotid triangle of anterior neck. traditionally formed by nerve roots C1–C3 cervical plexus and extends multiple motor branches. current case was discovered during routine dissection as an anatomical variation right AC in 86-year-old Caucasian male cadaver. In this variation, C1 root did not form typical with C2 C3 roots, but instead, remained independent, traveling deep to superior belly omohyoid muscle supply sternothyroid muscle....