Background The prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in blood donations is important for evaluating safety and potential risks to the population. This study investigated TTIs among donors Western China suggested measures policy-makers. Methods screening results 66,311 between 2005 2010 from a central center were analyzed. hepatitis B virus (HBV), C (HCV), human immunodeficiency (HIV), syphilis expressed percentages entire group as well groups by demographic...

The National Essential Medicine System (NEMS) is a new policy in China launched 2009 to improve the appropriate use of medications. This study aims examine outcomes NEMS objectives terms rational medicines primary health care facilities China.

Differences between women and men in education, employment, political economic empowerment have been well-documented China due to the long traditional culture that male is superior female. This study explore whether similar gender differences exist use of health care by analyzing hospital admission, duration hospitalization medical expense both genders a Chinese hospital.This cross-sectional evaluated clinical epidemiologic characteristics patients who were admitted for any reason Zhuhai...

The purpose of this study was to measure the level job satisfaction certified physicians in rural primary health care facilities (PHCFs) Shandong Province order ascertain key factors affecting their and provide effective information for policy decisions. This cross-sectional conducted among PHCFs from June August 2016. An anonymous questionnaire completed by 495 participants (valid response rate: 91.6%). Data were analyzed using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), one-way variance (ANOVA),...

Reduction in regional traffic emission is crucial for achieving overall reduction and low-carbon development the transportation sector. To assist China's sector early realizing of its carbon peak neutrality goals, panel data from 30 provinces （municipalities, autonomous regions） China 2000 to 2021 were utilized. Various machine learning regression algorithms employed construct a predictive model emissions, among which combining Lasso support vector performed best. Taking Guangdong, Shanghai,...

The rapid increase in drug expenditure has become a major source of public criticism China. In 2009, the National Essential Medicine System (NEMS) was launched China to control prices and improve access medicines. This study investigated whether what extent essential medicines were reduced after introduction NEMS.Data obtained from 149 primary healthcare centers (PHCs) four Chinese provinces (Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui Ningxia) using facility-based survey. total, 10,988 investigated....

Background: The overuse of antibiotics is a serious public health problem in China, causing high rate antimicrobial resistance. This study identified the trends antibiotic consumption China to provide evidence for further intervention. Method: six-year surveillance data on sales from 2012 2017, which served as proxy consumption, were collected 39 care facilities Shandong province, including three tertiary hospitals, six secondary and 30 primary centers. Based Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical...

Objective To assess changes in medicine availability and prices as well subsequent affordability during the early years of National Essential Medicine System (NEMS) reform China. Methods Data were obtained from four provinces through a field survey conducted 2010–2011. Outcome measures percentage availability, delivery efficiency, ratios local to international reference (MPRs), number days' household income needed purchase medicines. Prices adjusted for inflation/deflation purchasing power...

The National Essential Medicine System (NEMS) is a new policy launched by the Chinese government in 2009. effects of its introduction have been widely investigated. However, little research has focused on individual patients' perspectives. purpose this study was to examine current understanding and opinions China's NEMS primary care providers (PCPs) patients.Providers (n = 134) patients 175) were examined based self-completed questionnaire surveys conducted 16 healthcare centers Ningxia,...

We aimed to provide updated estimates for the trends and effects attributable age, period, cohort by gender in urban rural areas China. The data were based on vital registration system China from 2003 2012. annual percentage change used Joinpoint Regression Analysis. Spline functions fitted age-period-cohort analysis. average age-adjusted diabetes mortality rate was higher women than men, it residents among both genders. trend analysis of showed a favorable pattern Mortality increased with...

Medical conversation is a central part of medical care. Yet, the current state and quality far from perfect. Therefore, substantial amount research has been done to obtain better understanding address its practical challenges dilemmas. In line with this stream research, we have developed multi-layer structure annotation scheme analyze conversation, are using construct corpus naturally occurring in Chinese pediatric primary care setting. Some preliminary findings reported regarding 1) how...

This paper describes the COSTA scheme for coding structures and actions in conversation. Informed by Conversation Analysis, introduces an innovative method marking multi-layer structural organization of conversation a structure-informed taxonomy actions. In addition, we create corpus naturally occurring medical conversations, containing 318 video-recorded manually transcribed pediatric consultations. Based on annotated corpus, investigate 1) treatment decision-making process 2) effects...

The primary focus of this essay is to use a long time series state cross sections for the 1955-2009 period in United States order predict cigarette consumption.This updates estimates rational addiction model consumption obtained by Gary Becker, Michael Grossman, and Kevin Murphy their seminal 1994 American Economic Review paper.By using two types prices, price tax, employing demand function, I verify that smoking rationally addictive form behavior.This based on theory current behavior...