Insects and other arthropods use visual landmarks to remember the location of their nest, or its equivalent. However, so far, only olfactory learning memory have been claimed be mediated by any particular brain region, notably mushroom bodies. Here we describe results experiments that demonstrate bodies cockroach (Periplaneta americana), already shown involved in multimodal sensory processing, play a crucial role place memory. Behavioral tests, based on paradigms similar those originally...

Abstract Biogenic amines play major roles in the regulation of behavior vertebrates and invertebrates. Previous studies honey bees fruit‐flies Drosophila suggested that octopamine (OA, invertebrate counterpart noradrenaline) dopamine (DA) participate appetitive olfactory conditioning with sucrose reward aversive electric shock punishment, respectively. In order to determine whether effects two chatecholamines on sugar learning can be generalized other kinds reinforcers, we studied OA DA...

Abstract Elucidation of reinforcement mechanisms in associative learning is an important subject neuroscience. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to play critical roles mediating both appetitive and aversive reinforcement. Our pharmacological studies suggested that octopamine mediate reward punishment, respectively, crickets, but recent fruit-flies concluded mediates via the type 1 receptor Dop1. To resolve discrepancy between different insect species, we produced Dop1 knockout...

Detailed structural analyses of the mushroom body which plays critical roles in olfactory learning and memory revealed that it is directly connected with multiple primary sensory centers Drosophila. Connectivity patterns between suggest each lobe processes information on different combinations modalities. This finding provides a novel focus research by Drosophila genetics for perception external world integrating multisensory signals.

Abstract Insects, like vertebrates, have considerable ability to associate visual, olfactory or other sensory signals with reward punishment. Previous studies in crickets, honey bees and fruit‐flies suggested that octopamine (OA, invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline) dopamine (DA) mediate various kinds punishment learning. However, whether the roles OA DA mediating positive negative reinforcing can be generalized learning than odors remained unknown. Here we first established a visual...

Cyclic AMP pathway plays an essential role in formation of long-term memory (LTM). In some species, the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic GMP has been found to act parallel and complementary cAMP for LTM formation. Here we describe a new NO-cGMP pathway, namely, stimulation induce LTM. We have studied signaling cascade underlying by systematically coinjecting various “LTM-inducing” “LTM-blocking” drugs crickets. Multiple-trial olfactory conditioning led that lasted several days, while induced...

In insect classical conditioning, octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline) or dopamine has been suggested to mediate reinforcing properties appetitive aversive unconditioned stimulus, respectively. However, the roles octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons in memory recall have remained unclear. We studied olfactory visual conditioning crickets. found that pharmacological blockade receptors impaired recall, respectively, thereby suggesting activation resulting release are...

Abstract In the primary olfactory center of animals, glomeruli are relay stations where sensory neurons expressing cognate odorant receptors converge onto interneurons. cockroaches, moths, and honeybees, afferents from sensilla on anterodorsal surface posteroventral flagellum form two nerves almost equal thicknesses. this study, double labeling nerves, or proximal/distal regions with fluorescent dyes was used to investigate topographic organization in honeybee. The ampullaceal responsive CO...

This article describes novel attributes of the mushroom bodies cockroaches revealed by recording from neurons in freely moving insects. The results suggest several hitherto unrecognized functions bodies: extrinsic that discriminate between imposed and self-generated sensory stimulation, monitor motor actions, a third class predict episodes locomotion modulate their activity depending on turning direction. Electrophysiological units have been correlated with were partially stained uptake...

Temporal determinants of olfactory long-term memory retention in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus were studied. Elementary appetitive and aversive conditioning procedures, as well a differential procedure, applied. In conditioning, peppermint odour was paired with water reward. vanilla saline solution. an trial followed by trial. The preference crickets tested before 2 h, 1 day 4 days after training allowing to choose between or sources. Differential alone led long-lasting no significant...

ABSTRACT The olfactory learning capability of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus was studied. Crickets were deprived drinking water for 4 days and individually trained to associate peppermint with vanilla NaCl solution. Their odour preference tested before after training by allowing them choose between or sources. time spent visiting each source served as a measure preference. exhibited an initial over peppermint, but latter increased only one session. memory formed single session decayed...

Insects detect odors via a large variety of odorant receptors (ORs) expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). The insect OR is heteromeric complex composed ligand-specific receptor and the co-receptor (ORco). In this study, we identified ORco gene cockroach, Periplaneta americana (PameORco), performed RNAi-based functional analysis PameORco. All OSNs basiconic sensilla PameORco received including sex pheromones. trichoid sensilla, PameORco-positive OSN was consistently paired with...

Abstract Most insects are equipped with specialized thermo‐ and hygroreceptors to locate a permissible range of ambient temperature distant water sources, respectively. In the cockroach, Periplaneta americana , cold, moist, dry receptor cells in antennae send axons particular sets two or three glomeruli dorsocentral part antennal lobe (primary olfactory center), designated DC1–3 glomeruli. However, it is not known how hygrosensory signals from these represented higher‐order centers,...

To determine precisely the brain areas from which descending neurons (DNs) originate, we examined distribution of somata and dendrites DNs in cockroach by retrogradely filling their axons cervical connective. At least 235 pairs were stained, most these grouped into 22 clusters. Their distributed areas, including lateral medial protocerebra, are major termination output mushroom body, but not optic antennal lobes, central complex, or posteroventral part horn. The last area is types olfactory...

We studied the capability of cricket Gryllus bimaculatus to select one a pair odors and avoid other in context do opposite another context. One group crickets was trained associate (conditioned stimulus, CS1) with water reward (appetitive unconditioned US+) odor (CS2) saline solution (aversive US, US-) under illumination CS1 US- CS2 US+ dark. Another received training stimulus arrangement. At 1 d after for 3 d, former significantly preferred over but dark, latter exhibited preference. The...

We established a classical conditioning procedure for the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, by which odors were associated with reward or punishment. Cockroaches underwent differential trials in peppermint odor was sucrose solution and vanilla saline solution. Odor preference of cockroaches tested allowing them to choose between sources. that had undergone one set exhibited significantly greater than did untrained cockroaches. Memory formed three sets trials, an inter-trial interval 5 min,...

Abstract The antennae of most insects move actively and detect the physical chemical composition objects encountered by using their associated tactile sensors. Positional information is required for these sensory modalities to interpret environment. Although we have a good understanding antennal olfactory pathways, little known about destinations mechanosensory contact chemosensory (gustatory) receptor neurons in central nervous system. cockroach Periplaneta equipped with pair long, thin...

The alarm pheromone of the ant Camponotus obscuripes (Formicinae) was identified and quantified by gas chromatography (GC) chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comparisons between components extracts from major exocrine gland this species revealed that sources its are Dufour's poison gland. Most were saturated hydrocarbons. n-Undecane comprised more than 90% all in a single amounted to 19 μg. n-Decane n-pentadecane also included secretion. Only formic acid detected gland, amounts...