One of the greatest influenza pandemic threats at this time is posed by highly pathogenic H5N1 avian viruses. To date, 61% 433 known human cases infection have proved fatal. Animals infected viruses demonstrated acute neurological signs ranging from mild encephalitis to motor disturbances coma. However, no studies examined longer-term neurologic consequences among surviving hosts. Using C57BL/6J mouse, a mouse strain that can be A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus without adaptation, we show travels...

Respiratory infection with highly pathogenic influenza A viruses is characterized by the exuberant production of cytokines and chemokines enhanced recruitment innate inflammatory cells. Here, we show that challenging mice virulent viruses, including currently circulating H5N1 strains, causes increased selective accumulation a particular dendritic cell subset, tipDCs, in pneumonic airways. These tipDCs are required for further proliferation influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells infected lung,...

Successfully combating the COVID-19 pandemic depends on mass vaccination with suitable vaccines to achieve herd immunity. Here, we describe COVI-VAC, only live attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine currently in clinical development. COVI-VAC was developed by recoding a segment of viral spike protein synonymous suboptimal codon pairs (codon-pair deoptimization), thereby introducing 283 silent (point) mutations. In addition, furin cleavage site within...

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses have infected an increasing number of humans in Asia, with high mortality rates and the emergence multiple distinguishable clades. It is not known whether antiviral drugs that are effective against contemporary human will be systemically replicating viruses, such as these pathogens. Therefore, we evaluated use neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir for early postexposure prophylaxis treatment ferrets exposed to representatives two clades...

The A/VN/1203/04 strain of the H5N1 influenza virus is capable infecting CNS mice and inducing a number neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we examined effects on several pathological aspects affected in parkinsonism, including loss phenotype dopaminergic neurons located substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), expression monoamines indolamines brain, alterations SNpc microglia morphology, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors. We find that induces transient now report this recovers by 90 d...

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir offers an important immediate option for the control of influenza, and its clinical use has increased substantially during recent H1N1 pandemic. In view high prevalence oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza viruses in 2007–2008, there is urgent need to characterize transmissibility fitness H1N1/2009 viruses, although resistant variants have been isolated at a low rate. Here we studied closely matched pair pandemic isolates, one...

The HA of influenza virus is a receptor-binding and fusion protein that required to initiate infection. domain determines the species sialyl receptors recognized by viruses. Here, we demonstrate changes in alter ability H5N1 spread systemically mice. A/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN1203) A/Hong Kong/213/03 (HK213) viruses are consistently lethal domestic chickens but differ their pathogenicity mammals. Insertion VN1203 neuraminidase (NA) genes into recombinant HK213 expanded its tissue tropism...

Pandemic influenza viruses can emerge through continuous evolution and the acquisition of specific mutations or reassortment. This study assessed pandemic potential H5N1 isolated from poultry outbreaks occurring July 2006 to September 2008 in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). We analyzed 29 chickens ducks two fatal human cases 2007. Prior 2008, all isolates PDR were clade 2.3.4; however, 2.3.2 was introduced 2008. Of greatest concern circulation three that showed reduced sensitivity...

Many cases of influenza are reported worldwide every year. The virus often acquires new antigenicity, which is known as antigenic shift; this results in the emergence strains, for preexisting immunity not found population resulting pandemics. In event a strain emerges, diagnostic tools must be developed rapidly to detect novel strain. generation high affinity antibodies costly and takes time; therefore, an alternative detection system, aptamer detection, provides viable tool. study, we DNA...

For the rapid production of influenza vaccine antigens in unlimited quantities, a transition from conventional egg-based to cell-based and recombinant systems is required. The need for higher-yield, lower-cost, faster processes critical provide adequate supplies counter global pandemic threats. In this study, hemagglutinin proteins virus were expressed microalga Schizochytrium sp., an established, fermentable organism grown large scale manufacture polyunsaturated fatty acids animal human...

Inflammation can be decoupled from the antigen-presenting actions of adjuvants using an immune potentiator that modulates NF-κB.

The formation of epididymal stones in the rooster epididymis is a widespread problem that has detrimental effects on sperm production and fertility. cause unknown, but an infectious agent, avian bronchitis virus (AIBV), been implicated. goal this study was to determine if administering live attenuated AIBV vaccine male chicks increases incidence region adult rooster. Specific pathogen free (SPF) Leghorn roosters were divided into two groups: vaccine-free group (n = 7) vaccinated with 12)....

Current oseltamivir prophylactic regimens may not be as effective against highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses they are less strains. An optimal regimen is urgently needed.Ferrets were given the neuraminidase inhibitor orally for 10 days (5 or mg/kg once daily 2.5 5 twice daily). Prophylaxis was initiated 1 day before infection, and 4 h ferrets inoculated with a lethal dose of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) virus.At daily, prevented death but clinical signs infection in ferrets; severe...

The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses has heightened global concern about the threat posed by pandemic influenza. To address need for a effective universal vaccine, we developed novel M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) vaccine virus and previously reported that it provided strong heterosubtypic protection against seasonal in mice. In current study, assessed M2SR induced mice ferrets. Mice were intranasally inoculated with containing HA NA from...

Current influenza vaccines do not provide effective protection against heterologous viruses. The ability of the novel M2SR vaccine to protect drifted viruses was evaluated in naïve ferrets and with pre-existing immunity influenza. In ferrets, provided similar challenge as comparator vaccine, FluMist®. However, immunity, superior than FluMist two model systems. first model, were infected A H1N1pdm B mimic diverse exposure humans. pre-infected seropositive but seronegative H3N2, then...

Currently, influenza vaccine manufacturers need to produce 1–5 x 107 PFU of each strain fill one dose the current live-attenuated-influenza-vaccine (LAIV). To make a single inactivated (15 ug hemagglutinin), equivalent 1010 strains be grown. This high requirement is major drawback for manufacturing as well rapidly sourcing sufficient doses during pandemic. Using our computer-aided platform Synthetic Attenuated Virus Engineering (SAVE), we created candidate against pandemic H1N1 A/CA/07/2009...

Infections with respiratory viruses constitute a huge burden on our health and economy. Antivirals against some are available, but further options urgently needed. Enisamium iodide (laboratory code FAV00A, trade name Amizon) is an antiviral marketed in countries of the Commonwealth Independent States for treatment viral infections, its clinical efficacy mode action not well understood.

Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are among the first line of defense against influenza virus infection. With increased worldwide use drugs, antiviral susceptibility surveillance is increasingly important for effective clinical management and public health epidemiology. Effective monitoring requires resistance detection methods. We have developed validated a novel genotyping method rapid established NA inhibitor markers in viruses by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The multi- or...

Aims New therapeutics for the control of influenza virus infections are needed to alleviate burden caused by seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, overcome potential risk drug-resistance emergence. Enisamium iodide (Amizon®, Farmak) is currently approved clinical use treatment in 11 countries which includes Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. However, experimental evidence antiviral activity enisamium has not been reported. Methods Antiviral was assessed yield reduction...

Our objective was to determine if vaccination with killed avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) causes epididymal calcium stones in the rooster as is seen following live attenuated AIBV. Specific-pathogen-free roosters were divided into three groups: nonvaccinated (NONVAC), AIBV–vaccinated (LVAC), and (KVAC) groups. Roosters vaccinated at 2, 6, 10, 14 wk of age region observed 27 age. Epididymal present 13% NONVAC, 50% KVAC, 64% LVAC roosters. Histologically, immune cells interstitium...

Please cite this paper as: Wang et al. (2011) No evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and Guillain–Barre syndrome–associated antiganglioside antibodies. Influenza Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), 159–166. Background syndrome (GBS) is rare autoimmune disease characterized by acute, progressive peripheral neuropathy commonly associated with the presence Previously, vaccination was linked increased incidence GBS; however, whether antibodies are subsequently induced remains unresolved....