The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists among skeletal muscle fiber composition, adiposity, and in vitro glucose transport rate humans. Rectus abdominus obtained during elective abdominal surgery from nonobese control (n = 12), obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients 10). NIDDM group had significantly lower percentage type I fibers (32.2 +/- 1.9%) than the (40.4 2.7%), both groups were (50.0 2.6%). Insulin-stimulated transport, determined on...

Summary Background Data We previously reported, in a study of 608 patients, that the gastric bypass operation (GB) controls type 2 diabetes mellitus morbidly obese patient more effectively than any medical therapy. Further, we showed for first time it was possible to reduce mortality from diabetes; GB reduced chance dying 4.5% per year 1% year. This control has been ascribed weight loss induced by operation. These studies, weight-stable women, were designed determine whether really important...

Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide increasingly recognized for its role in bonding, socialization, and stress relief. Previous research has demonstrated participants' OT levels increased after interacting with or petting dog, suggesting at least partially responsible the calm, relaxing feeling that participants experienced during this intervention. The purpose of our study was to more closely examine changes oxytocin men women response interaction their own dog being separated from while work...

Leptin, the product of ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related body fat content. The purpose present investigation was determine effect aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) women who did not differ capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 ml x kg(-1) min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 1.12 4.88 0.55) were studied. Fat mass significantly lower females males (21.83 2.25 26.99 2.37 kg, P < 0.05)....

The purpose of this study was to determine whether enzymatic and histochemical characteristics human skeletal muscle are altered with aging. Tissues from the vastus lateralis (VL) gastrocnemius were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) activity fiber type in 55 sedentary men (age range 18–80 yr). In population, CS negatively related age ( r = −0.32, P < 0.05); there no relationship VL. Treadmill-determined maximal oxygen consumption positively 0.40, 0.05) but not 24% lower oldest (≥60 yr, n...

Leptin, the product of ob gene, has been reported to be related body fat in humans (Considine et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 292, 1996). However, little is known about physiology this putative satiety signal humans. The purpose present study was determine whether leptin content relatively lean endurance-trained adults. In addition, effect acute exercise on circulating concentration studied. Thirteen male runners, whose mean age, height, weight, %fat, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)...

To determine whether the ergogenic benefits of carbohydrate (CHO) feedings are affected by preexercise muscle glycogen levels, eight cyclists performed four self-paced time trials on an isokinetic ergometer over a simulated distance 70 km. Trials were under following and beverage conditions: 1) high (180.2 +/- 9.7 mmol/kg wet wt) with CHO (HG-CHO), 2) (170.2 10.4 non-CHO (HG-NCHO), 3) low (99.8 6.0 (LG-CHO), 4) (109.7 5.3 (LG-NCHO). The drink (ingested at onset exercise every 10 km...

This study was conducted to determine whether improvements in glucose tolerance could be observed after a single bout of resistance exercise young (27.1 +/- 1.24 yr) control subjects, older (53.3 1.7 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and (50.7 1.9 age-matched subjects. Each subject screened for fitness level any contraindications before inclusion the study. A 75-g oral test administered 2 wk subjects were screened, familiarized equipment. The maximum weight that...

In most carbohydrate-containing foods, the blood insulin response is predictable and closely linked to food's glycaemic index (GI). A single study, examining whole milk fermented products made from milk, recently reported a large dissociation between GI insulinaemic (II) in healthy normal adults. Because fat component of food may influence II, it unclear if similar exist for skimmed We determined II both nine healthy, male ( n 6) female 3) subjects (23·6 (sd 1·4) years). No significant P...

The purpose of this study was to determine if the improvement in insulin sensitivity with exercise training is associated enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity. Nine sedentary men were studied before and after 7 days (1 h/day, approximately 75% maximal oxygen consumption). Insulin determined a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp state 15-17 h final bout. PI activity from samples (vastus lateralis) obtained fasted condition 60 min submaximal stimulation during...

The insulin resistance of aging has been attributed to a postreceptor defect in skeletal muscle. present study examined whether reduction the concentration insulin-stimulated glucose transporter (GLUT4) muscle was associated with advancing age men (n = 55) and women 29). Insulin sensitivity (minimal model) negatively (P > 0.001) (range, 18–80 years) (r −0.44) −0.58). GLUT4 protein vastus lateralis also < 0.05) (men, r −0.28; women, −0.51). There no relation 0.15) between...

Lipidomic analysis was performed to explore differences in lipid profiles between plasma from lean and obese subjects, followed by vitro methods examine a role for the identified lipids endothelial cell pathophysiology.Plasma collected 15 morbidly 13 control subjects. Lipids were extracted analyzed using LC/MS, MS/MS characterize identify that are elevated subjects compared lean.Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant (OPLS-DA) modelling showed significantly different lean. Analysis of...

The conversion of white adipose to the highly thermogenic beige tissue has been proposed as a potential strategy counter unfavorable consequences obesity. Three regulators this have recently emerged but information regarding their control is limited, and contradictory. We present two studies examining these regulators. Study 1: In 10 young men, plasma concentrations irisin fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were determined prior during activation sympathetic nervous system via hypoxic gas...

Insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT-4) content increases by 1.8-fold in skeletal muscle with 14 wk of exercise training [Houmard et al. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Endocrinol. Metab. 27): E896-E901, 1993]. The purpose this study was to determine whether more short-term (7 days) GLUT-4 protein human muscle. Seven sedentary men [25.0 +/- 1.1 (SE) yr, 44.1 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 maximal O2 uptake, 14.9 2.1% body fat] were examined before and after 7 days cycle ergometer (1 h/day, 76 2% heart...

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) poses ethical challenges that are distinct from biomedical research. These arise the epistemological differences between traditional paradigms and CBPR, as latter entails ongoing engagement of communities in development to dissemination. Biomedical typically questions obtains ethics review before engaging with population or community interest. While institutional board (IRB) practices seek minimize harm conducted human subjects, IRB can introduce...

Olympic-style lifts (OSL) and plyometric exercises (PE) are frequently combined with traditional resistance training (TRT) to improve athletic performance. The goal of this study was directly compare the performance effect TRT (30 minutes) either OSL or nondepth-jump PE (15 on entry level competitive collegiate athletes. Ten female 5 male soccer players, divided into 2 groups, completed 12 weeks tri-weekly during their off-season. Countermovement vertical jump, 4 repetition maximum squat,...

Asymmetric epoxidation of various styrenes using carbocyclic oxazolidinone-containing ketone 3 has been investigated. High enantioselectivity (89–93% enantiomeric excess) attained for this challenging class alkenes. Mechanistic studies show that substituents on the catalyst can have electronic influences secondary orbital interactions, which affects competition between spiro and planar transition states and, ultimately, enantioselectivity. The results described herein not only reveal...

Exercise-induced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is dramatically inhibited in mice pretreated with a β-adrenergic (β-AR) antagonist, suggesting that β-ARs play an important role the regulation skeletal muscle PGC-1α expression, and potentially, mitochondrial biogenesis. Accordingly, we hypothesized acute β-AR stimulation would induce transcriptional pathways involved biogenesis humans. Whole body protein turnover (WBPT), myofibrillar...

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine relationship between skeletal muscle characteristics, adiposity, and in vivo insulin action. Percutaneous biopsies vastus lateralis (VL) gastrocnemius (G) muscles were obtained from twenty-two sedentary male subjects. Insulin sensitivity (SI) glucose effectiveness (SG) determined minimal model analysis, indexes regional overall adiposity obtained. SI positively related citrate synthase activity VL (r = 0.50, P < 0.01) but unrelated...

The purpose of this study was to compare substrate utilization during fasting and submaximal exercise in morbidly obese women after weight loss (WL) with that weight-matched controls (C). WL were studied the weight-stable condition ∼24 mo gastric bypass surgery. Energy intake (self-reported) expenditure ( 2 H 18 O) also compared. respiratory exchange ratio at same absolute (15 W) workload significantly P ≤ 0.05) elevated vs. C (0.90 ± 0.02 0.83 0.03); reflected as lower fat (29.7 4.8 53.2...