This study conceptualizes a cultural model of parenting. It is argued that models are expressed in the degree familism, which informs socialization goals embodied parenting ethnotheories. Three were differentiated priori: independent, interdependent, and autonomous-related. Samples recruited expected to represent these models: German, Euro-American, Greek middle-class women representing independent model; Cameroonian Nso Gujarati farming interdependent urban Indian, Chinese, Mexican, Costa...

This study relates parenting of 3‐month‐old children to children's self‐recognition and self‐regulation at 18 20 months. As hypothesized, observational data revealed differences in the sociocultural orientations 3 cultural samples' styles toddlers' development self‐regulation. Children Cameroonian Nso farmers who experience a proximal style develop earlier, Greek urban middle‐class families distal Costa Rican aspects both fall between other 2 groups on self‐recognition. Results are discussed...

This study analyzed German and Nso mothers’ auditory, proximal, visual contingent responses to their infants’ nondistress vocalizations in postnatal Weeks 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. Visual contingency scores increased whereas proximal decreased over time for the independent (German urban middle‐class, N = 20) but not interdependent sociocultural context (rural farmers, 24). It seems, therefore, that culture‐specific differences modal patterns of responsiveness emerge during 2nd 3rd months life....

Cultures differ with respect to parenting strategies already during infancy. Distal parenting, i.e., face-to-face context and object stimulation, is prevalent in urban educated middle-class families of Western cultures; proximal body contact rural, low-educated farmer families. Parents from cultures a more interdependent history use both strategies. Besides these cultural preferences, little known about the relations between styles as well behavioural systems constituting them. In this study...

The development of self‐regulation has been studied primarily in Western middle‐class contexts and has, therefore, neglected what is known about culturally varying self‐concepts socialization strategies. research reported here compared the self‐regulatory competencies German ( N = 125) rural Cameroonian Nso preschoolers 76) using Marshmallow test (Mischel, 2014). Study 1 revealed that 4‐year‐old children showed better delay‐of‐gratification performance than their peers. 2 culture‐specific...

Abstract The present study compares conceptions about parenting in two cultural communities that may be expected to hold different views on parent–child relationships. Sociodemographically diverse samples of 46 Northern German and 39 West African Nso women evaluated behavior observed 10 videotaped mother–infant interaction sequences. individual evaluations were assessed group contexts. statements analyzed with respect their reference systems mechanisms as conceptualized the component model...

Abstract Objective. This study analyzes culturally formed parenting styles during infancy, as related to the sociocultural orientations of independence and interdependence. Design. Free-play situations between mothers 3-month-old infants were videotaped in 5 cultural communities that differ according their orientations: West Africa (N = 26), Gujarat India 39), Costa Rica 21), Greece 51), Germany 56). The videotapes analyzed using coding systems operationalize component model with a focus on...

This paper is aimed at analyzing verbal and nonverbal strategies in terms of body contact, face-to-face discourse style during the first three months life two cultural communities that have been characterized as embodying different models parenting: German middle-class, Nso farmer families. It can be demonstrated mothers significantly higher rates contact assessments free-play interactions 12 weeks than women. The women on other hand demonstrate expected increase whereas a lower stable...

This prospective study contributes to the understanding of development self-conceptions in cultural context. We examined influence maternal contingent responsiveness towards their 3-month-old infants on toddlers’ self-recognition at age 18 20 months. contrasted two samples that can be expected differ with respect as a parenting style: German middle-class families and Cameroonian Nso farmers. As hypothesized, mothers reacted more contingently than mothers. Furthermore, toddlers recognized...

This article focuses on conceptions of motor stimulation in ethnotheoretical accounts good parenting. Sociodemographically diverse samples 35 German and 39 West African Nso women commented 10 videotaped mother-infant interactional sequences. Data were collected group sessions. The comments classified into a coding system specifying handling interactive developmental goals. As expected, the focused significantly more than women. emphasize general well-being infants their mothers. Quantitative...

This study addresses the stability and variability of patterns parenting in three cultural environments that can be assumed to differ with respect their models. German middleclass families follow primarily independent socialisation goals, Cameroonian Nso farmers interdependent Costa Rican an autonomous relational orientation. Parenting mothers interacting 3-month-old babies were assessed at two points time, being 4 6 years apart. The data confirm predicted differences style parenting, which...

Child rearing is a universal task, yet there are differing solutions according to the dynamics of socio-cultural milieu in which children raised. Cultural models what considered good or bad parenting become explicit everyday routine practices. Focusing on early mother–infant interactions this article we examine discursive practices and strategies that foster cultural values such as autonomy relatedness. Drawing micro-analysis videotaped from middle-class families Muenster, Germany farming...

In this study, the early social experiences of infants from two agricultural societies, Indian Rajput and Cameroonian Nso are compared to each other German urban middle-class families. Using spot observations, infants' were assessed when they between 2.5 3 months. The parenting styles in three communities distinctly different other. However, Rajputs share a pattern that can be regarded as supporting development communion. Differences agrarian related emotional expressivity health nutritional...

This study compares German urban middle class with Cameroonian rural Nso mothers interacting their 4-, 8-, and 12-week-olds on two dimensions of parenting: sensitivity responsive control. Although the first concept is well-established in literature, we suggest control as essence good parenting leading to optimal development according mothers' ethnotheories. concepts differentiate between samples, validity terms developmental implications still has be established.

The present study examined conversations of 164 mothers from seven different cultural contexts when reminiscing with their 3-year-old children. We chose samples based on sociodemographic profiles, which represented three models: (1) autonomy (urban middle-class families Western societies), (2) relatedness (rural farming non-Western and (3) autonomy-relatedness societies). results showed that the autonomous predominantly adopted an elaborative-evaluative style (variable-oriented approach)...

This study analyzes how autonomy and relatedness manifest in mothers' accounts of their ethnotheories regarding child care. Mothers came from two independent samples urban middle-class Germany California, autonomous-relational India Cameroon, one interdependent sample rural Cameroon. Transcriptions picture-based interviews are coded for discourse elements indicative both orientations. use more I statements direct references to themselves. contextualize refer authorities often. Generally,...

Cognitive processes differ markedly between children from different cultures, with best evidence for attention to visual scenes and the activities of others. Children urban Western cultures tend focus on focal objects, whereas East-Asian rather attend contextual elements a scene. Regarding others' activities, subsistence-based farming communities often observe several simultaneously, while contexts sequentially. Here we assessed 144 5-year-old three prototypical cultural (urban Germany,...

A linguistic discourse analysis of the study parental ethnotheories is proposed in this paper. It argued that not only are ideas about parenting informed by cultural environment, but ways formulated language itself can be understood as expressing codes. In order to identify these codes, we analysed interviews with mothers from independent and interdependent contexts looked for specific differences content markers found personal narratives. We studied from: two typically communities...

Parenting ethnotheories represent an organized set of ideas about parents, children, and development that are shared by members cultural groups. Because these beliefs reflect models serve as representational frameworks for parenting strategies, they need to change with historical time. To analyze changes, the authors interviewed mothers grandmothers 3-month-old infants in 4 different environments--urban German middle-class families (41 mothers, 22 grandmothers), urban Indian (36 12 rural...

It is often claimed that independence and interdependence are two dimensions part of any culture the psychology human being. While previous studies have considered these concepts merely as a matter degree, this article argues that, in fact, they can be different quality variety meanings depending on specific socio-cultural context. From systemic approach, study addresses dialogical co-existence views an open system allows for adaptation constant reorganization according to given Interviews...

The present study is based on the assumption that figure size of young children’s drawings themselves mediated by cultural conceptions self. It was hypothesized Cameroonian rural children, developing predominantly an interdependent self-conception, draw alone and in a family picture smaller than urban German who develop independent self-conception. A total 570 preschool children were recruited from Nso-farmer families middle-class families. Drawings 76 72 matched for age, graphical...

Breastfeeding is not only a natural way of feeding children but also parenting system that practiced differently in diverse cultures depending on the ecological conditions and cultural values. In this study, videotapes breastfeeding sessions interviews with mothers two ethnic groups rural Cameroon, sedentary Nso farmers (n = 33) nomadic Fulani pastorals 18), were analyzed. The primary socialization goal health survival child hazardous environment. Yet their ideas about selfconstruct differ,...