Gene rearrangement during the ontogeny of T- and B-cells generates an enormous repertoire T-cell receptor (TCR) immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Because error-prone nature this process, two-thirds rearranged TCR Ig genes are expected to be out-of-frame thus contain premature terminations codons (ptcs). We performed sequence analysis reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products from fetal adult thymus found that newly transcribed TCR-β pre-mRNAs (intron-bearing) frequently derived...

By William C. Dickison. 544 pages. San Diego, CA, USA: Harcourt Academic Press, 2000. $69.95 h/b. ISBN 0 12 215170 4 These days, when molecular biology, and functional genomics in particular, seem to dominate the whole of plant traditional botanical areas no longer form part most science degrees, any new book on anatomy is unlikely be regarded as particularly topical. However, stock trade biologists mutants, whether natural or induced, novel genotypes resulting from expression transgenes....

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are agronomically important biopolymers in higher plants composed primarily of catechin and epicatechin units. The biosynthesis these natural products is regulated by transcription factors including proteins the R2R3MYB class. To gain insight into genetic control branches PA pathway forage legumes, here effects expression FaMYB1, a flavonoid repressor from strawberry, Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil), were tested. It was found that leaves T0 transgenic lines...

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in leaf extracts of wild type (WT) red clover and a mutant line expressing greatly reduced levels PPO (LP clover) has been characterized. Both latent active forms were present, with the being predominant form. enzyme substrate (phaselic acid) fluctuated over growing season not correlated. Protease activation was demonstrated; however, rate too low to have an immediate effect following extraction. A novel, more rapid mechanism by enzyme's own identified....

Summary In the cell walls of forage grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and participates with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways generate ferulate–polysaccharide–lignin complexes that cross‐link wall. Such cross‐links hinder wall degradation by ruminant microbes, reducing plant digestibility. this study, genetically modified Festuca arundinacea plants were produced expressing an Aspergillus niger esterase (FAEA) targeted vacuole. The rice actin promoter proved be...

Using maize plants expressing an apoplast targeted Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase (FAEA), with FAEA driven by a Lolium multiflorum senescence enhanced promoter ( Lm See1), we extended measurements of activity to late-stage senescing and measured the stability following stover storage. The impact expression on cell wall hydroxycinnamic levels arabinoxylan (AX) cross-links, sugars, acetyl bromide lignin sugar release saccharification cocktail cellulases xylanases, was assessed during...

Xylanase A (XYLA) and arabinofuranosidase C (XYLC) from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa are modular enzymes consisting of discrete cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) catalytic joined by serine-rich linker sequences. To evaluate the role CBDs interdomain regions, capacity full-length truncated derivatives two enzymes, lacking either sequences or CBDs, to hydrolyse a range substrates, bind cellulose, was determined. Removal did not affect activity XYLA XYLC against soluble arabinoxylan....

This article presents information from a study of people receiving food assistance services pantries and soup kitchens in Virginia. The data indicate that significant numbers individuals families—many whom are employed—are seeking assistance. Many these also have been homeless, victims domestic violence, unable to pay their utility bills, or lost public benefits. A critical issue raised by the findings is low rate participation stamp program. Fewer than 40 percent respondents were stamps....

A comparison has been made of the various media used for alkaloid production by cell cultures CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS. The effect different phytohormone regimes compared with respect to yields, rate accumulation and ability cells survive repeated subculture. underlying factor which appears control induction is level 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in medium. In all cases where 2,4-D was reduced, increased. Addition growing on a confirmed inhibitory action biosynthesis. new medium developed...

In the cell walls of grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and undergoes oxidative reactions form ferulates dimers, trimers oligomers. Feruloylation arabinoxylan considered important not only because it leads cross-linked xylans but also may act as a nucleating site for formation lignin hence link by forming lignin-ferulate-arabinoxylan complex. Such cross-linking among main factors inhibiting release fermentable carbohydrates from grasses either ruminant nutrition or biofuel...

This article summarizes evolving concepts and scientific findings on cell wall feruloylation ferulate oxidative coupling processes in grasses, the effects these have wide range of properties consequent plant responses to biotic abiotic stress tissue degradability. Updates different strategies that been applied genetically modifying are presented. Special emphasis is given modification by heterologous expression ferulic acid esterase, as this strategy has provided insights into impact changes...

Anthocyanins and condensed tannins are major flavonoid end‐products in higher plants. While the transactivation of anthocyanins by basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors is well documented, very little known about transregulation pathway to tannins. The present study analyses effect over‐expressing an Sn transgene Lotus corniculatus, a model legume, with aim studying regulation anthocyanin tannin end‐products. Contrary expectation, effects on accumulation were subtle restricted...

SUMMARY Five clonal plants of three genotypes Lotus corniculatus were grown in each eight controlled environments under combinations two temperature regimes (18/10 °C and 25/15 °C), CO 2 concentrations (ambient 700 ppmv) water applications ( ad libitum or 60% draughted). Plants harvested at full flower measurements made plant growth development. Of the environmental variables studied, higher temperatures resulted largest number significant changes to measured variables. Reproductive...