The toxicity of some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been studied thoroughly, showing that systemic PFASs targets the lungs. However, regulators lack data to assess impact other on lungs alternative methods test for lung are needed. We combined two in vitro models respiratory system; i) a surfactant (LS) function assay acute inhalation potential, ii) cell model with human bronchial epithelial cells study...

Inhaled substances, such as consumer products, chemicals at the workplace, and nanoparticles, can affect lung function in several ways. In this paper, we explore adverse outcome pathway (AOP) that starts when inhaled substances reach alveoli inhibit of surfactant, leads to decreased function. Lung surfactant covers inner surface alveoli, regulates tension air-liquid interface during breathing. The inhibition alveolar collapse because resulting high end expiration. collapsed be re-opened by...

Inhalation of indoor air pollutants may cause airway irritation and inflammation is suspected to worsen allergic reactions. Inflammation be due mucosal damage, upper (sensory) lower (pulmonary) activation the trigeminal vagal nerves, respectively, neurogenic inflammation. The terpene, d-limonene, used as a fragrance in numerous consumer products. When limonene reacts with pulmonary irritant ozone, complex mixture gas particle phase products formed, which causes sensory irritation. This study...

Surfactants and film-forming polymers are common ingredients in consumer spray products such as cleaning products, hair care anti-perspirants. Spraying eases application by creating aerosolized droplets of the product that can distribute evenly over treated surface. However, these aerosols potentially be inhaled during their normal application. Droplets reach alveoli interact with pulmonary surfactant; a complex mixture phospholipids proteins regulates surface tension at air-liquid...

Consumer spray products release aerosols that can potentially be inhaled and reach the deep parts of lungs. A thin layer liquid, containing a mixture proteins lipids known as lung surfactant, coats alveoli. Inhibition surfactant function lead to acute loss function. We focused on two groups products; 8 cleaning 13 impregnation products, in context risk assessment, used an vitro method for assessing inhibition Original spray-cans were generate measure aerodynamic particle size distribution....

The lungs have potential as a means of systemic drug delivery macromolecules. Systemic requires crossing the air-blood barrier, however with molecular size-dependent limitations in lung absorption large molecules. availability after inhalation can be improved by enhancers, such bile salts. Enhancers may potentially interfere different constituents lungs, e.g. surfactant lining alveoli or epithelium. We used two vitro models to investigate effects salts on function (with constrained drop...

A number of cases pulmonary injury by use aerosolized surface coating products have been reported worldwide. The aerosol from a commercial alcohol-based nanofilm product (NFP) for nonabsorbing surfaces was found to induce severe lung damage in recent mouse bioassay. NFP contained 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trialkoxysilane (POTS) and the effects were associated with hydrolyzed forms silane; increase hydrolyzation resulted faster induction compromised breathing damage. In this study, impact...

Private consumers and professionals may experience acute inhalation toxicity after inhaling aerosolized impregnation products. The distinction between toxic non-toxic products is difficult to make for producers product users alike, as there no clearly described relationship the chemical composition of induction toxicity. currently accepted method determination based on experiments animals; it time-consuming, expensive causes stress animals. Impregnation are present market in large numbers...

The lung surfactant (LS) lining is a thin liquid film covering the air-liquid interface of respiratory tract. LS reduces surface tension, enabling expansion and contraction with minimal work during respiration. Disruption tension believed to play key role in severe conditions. Inhalation aerosols that interfere may induce toxic response and, as part safety assessment chemicals inhaled medicines, it be relevant study their impact on function. Here, we present novel vitro method, based...

Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is a constituent of many products. To protect humans, it important to know at what air concentrations becomes toxic. For this, we tested MoS2 particles by nose-only inhalation in mice. Exposures were set 13, 50 and 150 mg MoS2/m3 (=8, 30 90 Mo/m3), corresponding Low, Mid High exposure. The duration was min/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. lung-deposition levels estimated based on aerosol particle size distribution measurements, empirically determined with...

Context. Coating products are widely used for making surfaces water and dirt repellent. However, on several occasions the use of these has been associated with lung toxicity. Objective. In present study, we evaluated toxic effects an aerosolized tile-coating product. Methods. Thirty-nine persons, who reported respiratory systemic symptoms following exposure to product, were clinically examined. The product was analysed chemically furthermore, scenario reconstructed using a climate chamber...

Summary Surfactants and film-forming polymers are common ingredients in consumer spray products such as cleaning products, hair care anti-perspirants. Spraying eases application by creating aerosolised droplets of the product that can distribute evenly over treated surface. However, these aerosols potentially be inhaled during their normal application. Droplets reach alveoli interact with pulmonary surfactant; a complex mixture phospholipids proteins regulates surface tension at air-liquid...

People can be exposed to zinc oxide (ZnO) by inhalation of consumer products or during industrial processes. Zinc nanoparticle (NP) exposure induce acute toxicity. The toxicological mechanisms underlying the effects on lungs have long focused phagolysosomal dissolution ZnO NPs in macrophages followed release free Zn 2+ ions. However, we postulate an alternative mechanism based direct interaction with lung surfactant (LS) layer covering inside alveoli. Therefore, tested effect and ions...

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) enhances pulmonary surfactant performance in vivo by molecular mechanisms still unknown. Here, the interfacial structure and composition of lung films have been analysed vitro under TH as well basis its improved both physiological inhibitory conditions. The biophysical activity a purified porcine was tested slow breathing-like dynamics constrained drop surfactometry (CDS) captive bubble surfactometer (CBS) at 33 37 °C. Additionally, temperature-dependent also...

Inhalation of waterproofing spray products has on several occasions caused lung damage, which in some cases was fatal. The present study aims to elucidate the mechanism action a nanofilm product, been shown possess unusual toxic effects, including an extremely steep concentration-effect curve. product is intended for application non-absorbing flooring materials and contains perfluorosiloxane as active film-forming component. toxicological effects their underlying mechanisms this were studied...

Currently, testing of acute inhalation toxicity in animals is required for regulation pesticide active ingredients and formulated plant protection products. The main outcome the regulatory tests "lethal concentration 50″ (LC50), i.e. that will kill 50% exposed animals. However, ongoing work aims to identify New Approach Methods (NAMs) replace animal experiments. To this end, we studied 11 products, sold European Union (EU), their ability inhibit lung surfactant function vitro constrained...

Inhalation of ozone (O3), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, produces airway inflammation and exacerbates asthma. However, in indoor air, O3 reacts with terpenes (cyclic alkenes), leading to formation irritating pollutants. The aim the study was examine whether inhalation reaction products terpene, limonene, as well limonene low-level by themselves, induced allergic sensitization (formation specific immunoglobulin [Ig] E) subchronic mouse model combination allergen ovalbumin (OVA)....

In most reported cases of lung trauma with water proofing products, volatile organic compounds (VOC) have a prominent role. Here we report on case involving ten workers exposed to sprayed product containing nanoparticles in solution only few percent VOC. Ten suffered from respiratory symptoms following spray impregnation hardwood furniture using waterproofing that contained positively charged fluorinated acrylate copolymer solid cores median diameter 70 nm (1.3 w%) aqueous suspension 3.3 w%...

With the intention to move away from animal testing for toxicological evaluation of chemicals comes need develop new approach methodologies which are mechanism-anchored and target relevant key events leading an adverse outcome. To date, no validated alternative methods available studying acute inhalation toxicity potential airborne but constrained drop surfactometer measuring surface tension a lung surfactant presents as promising candidate. Indeed, correlation increase in minimum vitro with...

To date there are no OECD validated alternative approaches to study toxicity following inhalation exposure airborne chemicals. The available test guidelines for acute aim estimate a value of the lethal air concentration chemical leading death 50% exposed animals (LC