Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a wide range of important human traits have identified hundreds variants in multi-cohort meta-analyses that highly significant associations (p<5 x10-8) replicate across studies. However, the genetic variants, or single nucleotide

We describe an ecological approach to understanding the developing brain, with a focus on effects of poverty-related adversity brain function. articulate how combining multilevel models from developmental science and psychopathology human neuroscience can inform our risk resilience. To illustrate this approach, we associations between poverty function, roles parents neighborhoods play in context, potential impact timing. also major challenges needed advances these areas research better...

Abstract A growing literature suggests that adversity is associated with later altered brain function, particularly within the corticolimbic system supports emotion processing and salience detection (e.g., amygdala, prefrontal cortex [PFC]). Although neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has been shown to predict maladaptive behavioral outcomes, for boys, most of research linking function focused on family‐level adversities. Moreover, although animal models studies normative development...

Population-based neuroimaging studies that feature complex sampling designs enable researchers to generalize their results more widely. However, several theoretical and analytical questions pose challenges interested in these data. The following is a resource for using population-based We provide an overview of describe the differences between traditional model-based analyses survey-oriented design-based analyses. To elucidate key concepts, we leverage data from Adolescent Brain Cognitive...

The Family Stress Model (FSM) is an influential family process model that posits socioeconomic disadvantage impacts child outcomes via its effects on parents. Existing evaluations of the FSM are constrained by limited measures disadvantage, cross-sectional research designs, and reliance non-population-based samples. current study tested in a subsample Fragile Families Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,918), large population-based children followed from birth through age 9. We employed...

Abstract Background Structural models of psychopathology consistently identify internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) specific factors as well a superordinate factor that captures their shared variance, the p factor. Questions remain, however, about meaning these data-driven dimensions interpretability distinguishability larger nomological networks in which they are embedded. Methods The sample consisted 10 645 youth aged 9–10 years participating multisite Adolescent Brain Cognitive...

Abstract General cognitive ability (GCA) is an individual difference dimension linked to important academic, occupational, and health-related outcomes its development strongly differences in socioeconomic status (SES). Complex abilities of the human brain are realized through interconnections among distributed regions, but brain-wide connectivity patterns associated with GCA youth, influence SES on these patterns, poorly understood. The present study examined functional connectomes from 5937...

Abstract We examined whether maltreatment experienced in childhood and/or adolescence prospectively predicts young adult functioning a diverse and well-characterized sample of females with childhood-diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( N = 140). Participants were part longitudinal study carefully evaluated childhood, adolescence, adulthood M age 9.6, 14.3, 19.7 years, respectively), high retention rates across time. A thorough review multisource data reliably established...

Neuroimaging has suggested that amygdala reactivity to emotional facial expressions is associated with antisocial behavior (AB), particularly among those high on callous-unemotional (CU) traits. To investigate this association and potential moderators of relationship, including task/stimuli effects, subregional anatomy the amygdala, participant race, we used fMRI in a sample 167 racially diverse, 20 year-old men from low-income families. We found AB, but not CU traits, was negatively related...

Abstract Although a growing literature has linked extreme psychosocial adversity in early development to brain structure and function, recent studies highlight that differences socioeconomic resources may also affect development. In this article, we describe research linking variation neighborhood context parenting practices, two contexts shaped by resources, neural function structure, particularly the corticolimbic circuit supports socioemotional processing. Key considerations include...

Youth growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely than their advantaged peers to face negative behavioral and mental health outcomes. Although studies have shown that adversity can undermine positive development via its impact on the developing brain, few examined association between neighborhood disadvantage neural function, no study has investigated potential social mechanisms within might link altered function. The current evaluated amygdala reactivity during socioemotional...

Little is known about how exposure to limited socioeconomic resources (SER) in childhood gets "under the skin" shape brain development, especially using rigorous whole-brain multivariate methods large, adequately powered samples. The present study examined resting state functional connectivity patterns from 5821 youth Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, employing across three levels: whole-brain, network-wise, and connection-wise. Across all levels, SER was associated with...

Abstract Gun violence is a major public health problem and costs the United States $280 billion annually (1). Although adolescents are disproportionately impacted (e.g. premature death), we know little about how close live to deadly gun incidents whether such proximity impacts their socioemotional development (2, 3). Moreover, likely shape youth developmental outcomes through biological processes—including functional connectivity within regions of brain that support emotion processing,...

Though much research links socioeconomic disadvantage to cognitive difficulties during adolescence, many youth demonstrate resilience. Person-centered approaches can be used quantify this developmental heterogeneity and challenge deficit-centered frameworks. This study leverages person-centered data-driven methods characterize in a socioeconomically diverse dataset of early adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (N = 9,839; 47.7% female sex; Mage 9.90 years; 46.7%...

This pilot study examined the potential impact of a perinatal adaptation to Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), an evidence-based treatment for traumatized mother–child dyads, on maternal functioning 6 months post-partum among women with history complex trauma and current intimate partner abuse. Pregnant (n = 64) enrolled during third trimester their pregnancy (Mean gestational age 27.48 weeks, range 12 42) participated in weekly CPP sessions until infant was old. Women completed measures...

Models of differential susceptibility hypothesize that neural function may be a marker to context, but no studies have tested this hypothesis. Using sample 310 young men from low-income urban neighborhoods, study investigated amygdala reactivity facial expressions as moderator the relations between socioeconomic resources and later antisocial behavior (AB) income. For individuals with high reactivity, greater at age 20 predicted less AB income 22. low however, did not predict outcomes....

Abstract Childhood adversity is thought to undermine youth socioemotional development via altered neural function within regions that support emotion processing. These effects are hypothesized be developmentally specific, with in early childhood sculpting subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala) and during adolescence impacting later-developing prefrontal cortex; PFC). However, little work has tested these theories directly humans. Using prospectively collected longitudinal data from the...

Though much research links socioeconomic disadvantage to cognitive difficulties, many youth demonstrate resilience. Person-centered approaches can be used quantify this developmental heterogeneity and challenge deficit-centered frameworks. This study leverages person-centered data-driven methods characterize in early adolescents experiencing disadvantage. In a sample of 9,839 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (47.7% female sex; Mage=9.90 years; 46.7% White), four...

Concerns for the replicability, reliability, and generalizability of human neuroimaging research have led to intense debates over sample size open science practices, with more recent attention on contributions sampling recruitment practices. Key understanding state neuroscience is an assessment reporting practices that influence generalizability. In this structured review, we evaluated practice across three domains: (1) demographic (e.g., participant race-ethnicity, age, any measure...

Introduction: Structural models of psychopathology consistently identify internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) specific factors as well a superordinate factor that captures their shared variance, the P factor. Questions remain, however, about meaning these data-driven dimensions interpretability distinguishability larger nomological networks in which they are embedded. Methods: The sample consisted 11,875 youth aged 9 to 10 years participating multisite Adolescent Brain Cognitive...

Abstract We examined the longitudinal associations between prenatal tobacco smoke exposure (PSE) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom domains in adolescence young adulthood. A sample of girls with ADHD combined presentation ( N = 93), predominantly inattentive 47), matched comparisons 88) was assessed prospectively. Symptoms hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), inattention (IA), oppositionality (oppositional defiant disorder) were measured via multiple informants 5 M age 14...

Psychopathy is a complex disorder comprised of harmful personality traits and impulsive-lifestyle antisocial behaviors. Weakened functional connectivity between limbic prefrontal brain regions thought to underlie impaired sensitivity others' emotions that contribute the interpersonal affective associated with psychopathy. We tested whether weakened amygdala ventromedial cortex (vmPFC) during processing fearful, angry, neutral facial expressions, was prospectively related psychopathic in...