Four experiments investigated the effects of lesions bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) on conditioned fear and anxiety. Though BNST did not disrupt conditioning with a short-duration conditional stimulus (CS; Experiments 1 3), lesion attenuated longer duration CS (Experiments 2). Experiment 3 found that reinstatement extinguished fear, which relies contextual conditioning. 4 confirmed reduced unconditioned anxiety in an elevated zero maze. The authors suggest long-duration CSs, whether...

Oestradiol is a steroid hormone that exerts extensive influence on brain development and powerful modulator of hippocampal structure function. The hippocampus critical region regulating complex cognitive emotional responses implicated in the aetiology several mental health disorders, many which exhibit some degree sex difference. Many differences adult rat are determined by oestradiol action during sensitive period development. We had previously reported difference rates cell genesis...

Abstract Increased male susceptibility to long‐term cognitive deficits is well described in clinical and experimental studies of neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. While cell death signaling pathways are known be sexually dimorphic, a sex‐dependent pathophysiological mechanism preceding the majority secondary has yet described. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes following cerebral hypoxic‐ischemia ( HI ). Several lines evidence suggest that there sex differences mitochondrial...

The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) has been implicated in modulation learning after stress. Acute inescapable stress enhances classical eyeblink conditioning male rats, whereas same stressor impairs female rats. experiments here directly assessed whether inactivation BLA during exposure would block both stress-induced facilitation males and retardation females. To this end, was temporarily inactivated by infusion GABA agonist muscimol before acute exposure. All rats were trained a...

The mechanism for neurological deficits from carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is unclear. In a series of 150 patients with CO poisoning, we found marked elevations blood-borne inflammatory filamentous (F-) actin-coated microparticles (MPs), neutrophil activation, and 90% reduction in the normal level plasma gelsolin (pGSN), protein capable lysing F-actin-coated MPs. This led to studies murine model where same events occur cause neuroinflammation cognitive dysfunction. All are recapitulated...

Objectives Despite being at a heightened risk of HIV, the use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among adolescents remains low, which may stem from access to this biomedical intervention and comfort providers caring for priority population. Prior studies evaluating knowledge related PrEP have focused on adult or been conducted prior FDA approval adolescents. This study focuses pediatric providers' regarding counseling prescribing Materials methods Two anonymous surveys were administered...

Background: Acetylation of α-tubulin is an important post-translational modification that helps maintain microtubules’ stability and dynamics, including axonal transport, cell signaling, overall neuronal integrity. This study investigates sex-based differences in alcohol-induced acetylation mouse cerebellum. Methods: Adult, 3-month-old male female C57BL/6 mice were administered 20% ethanol intraperitoneally. The cerebellum was dissected at 30 min, 1 h, 2 4 h post-injection. Expression levels...

Abstract Though the role of hippocampus in processes learning and memory is well established, new neurons generated there less understood. Training on some associative tasks increases likelihood that cells subgranular zone dentate gyrus will survive. In rat, an effective training procedure trace eyeblink conditioning, which a conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with aversive stimulation to eyelid (unconditioned stimulus; US), but stimuli are separated by temporal gap. Here, we manipulated...

Acute stress exposure enhances classical eyeblink conditioning in male rats, whereas to the same event dramatically impairs performance females (Wood and Shors, 1998; Wood et al., 2001). We hypothesized that affects learning differently males because different brain regions circuits are being activated. In first experiment, we determined neuronal activity within medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during stressful is necessary disrupt females. both females, mPFC was bilaterally inactivated with...

Idebenone is a synthetic quinone that on reduction in cells can bypass mitochondrial Complex I defects by donating electrons to III. The drug used clinically treat the disease Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), but has been less successful clinical trials for other neurodegenerative diseases. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) appears be main intracellular enzyme catalyzing idebenone reduction. However, NQO1 not universally expressed of brain. Using primary rat cortical pooled...

Mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 (mdivi-1), a non-specific inhibitor of Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, is neuroprotective in numerous preclinical disease models. These include rodent models Alzheimer's and ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Among its Drp1-independent actions, the compound was found to suppress Complex I-dependent respiration but with less resultant reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission compared classical I rotenone. We employed two different methods quantifying...

β-catenin signaling, and angiogenesis are associated with colospheroid (CSC), development. CSCs, spheroids derived from colon cancer cells, responsible for metastasis, drug resistance, disease recurrence. Whether dysregulating inhibiting reduce CSC growth is unknown. In this study, the molecular mechanism of inhibition was evaluated using a novel combination melatonin (MLT) andrographolide (AGP). These drugs have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimetastatic properties. CSCs were obtained...

Medulloblastomas (MDB) are malignant, aggressive brain tumors that primarily affect children. The survival rate for children under 14 is approximately 72%, while ages 15 to 39, it around 78%. A growing body of evidence suggests dysregulation signaling mechanisms and noncoding RNA epigenetics play a pivotal role in this disease.

Some, but not all, types of learning and memory can influence neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Trace eyeblink conditioning has been shown to enhance survival new neurons, whereas delay no such effect. The key difference between two training procedures is that stimuli are separated time during trace conditioning. These findings raise question whether temporal discontiguity necessary for enhancing neurons. Here we used approaches test this hypothesis. First, examined a task which...

Prenatal ethanol exposure is associated with deficits in executive function such as working memory, reversal learning and attentional set shifting humans animals. These behaviors are dependent on normal structure cholinergic brain regions. Supplementation choline can improve many rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders also improves memory rats. We tested the hypothesis that supplementation postnatal period will during adolescence ethanol-exposed animals, engagement transfer to...

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) mediates mitochondrial fission and is thought to promote Bax/Bak-induced cytochrome c release during apoptosis. Conformationally active Bax, Bak Bax/Bak-activating BH3-only proteins, such as Bim, are restrained by anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in cells that 'primed for death'. Inhibition of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bcl-w the antagonist ABT-737 causes rapid apoptosis primed cells. Hence, we determined whether Drp1 required release, respiratory alterations already death.We...

Purpose This study evaluated the longitudinal metabolic alterations after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in rats and tested neuroprotective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) using vivo proton short-TE Point-RESolved Spectroscopy method. Methods Rice-Vannucci model was used on 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Data were acquired from contralateral ipsilateral cortex hippocampus, respectively at 4 time points (24-h, 72-h, 7-days, 28-days) post-HI. The subcutaneous administration ALCAR (100...

Perinatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a significant cause of brain injury in surviving infants. Although hypothermia improves outcomes some infants, additional therapies are needed since about 40% infants still have poor outcome. Acetyl-<smlcap>L</smlcap>-carnitine (ALCAR), an acetylated derivative <smlcap>L</smlcap>-carnitine, protected against early changes metabolites and mitochondrial function after HI on postnatal day (PND) 7 rat pup model near-term injury. However,...