Differences in mathematical competence between U S and Chinese children first emerge during the preschool years, favor children, are limited to specific aspects of The base-10 structure number names is less obvious English than Chinese, differences these languages reflected children's difficulties learning count Language do not affect other early mathematics, including counting small sets solving simple numerical problems Because later mathematics increasingly involves manipulation symbols,...

Becoming a proficient symbol user is universal developmental task in the first years of life, but detecting and mentally representing symbolic relations can be quite challenging for young children To test extent to which reasoning per se problematic, we compared performance 2 1/2-year-olds nonsymbolic versions search task. The had use their knowledge location toy hidden room draw an inference about where find miniature scale model (and vice versa) Children condition believed shrinking...

Younger (mean age = 20 years) and older 64 adults were tested on spatial temporal memory tasks. No difference was observed the task but performed worse than younger task. The absence of an age-related decline in performance is counter to most previous developmental research adults' memory. This finding indicates that normal aging not associated with poor encoding or retention all types information. presence consistent aging. Moreover, this affects some information often assumed be encoded...

In two experiments, we explored whether anecdotal stories influenced how individuals reasoned when evaluating scientific news articles. We additionally considered the role of education level and thinking dispositions on reasoning. Participants evaluated eight articles that drew questionable interpretations from evidence. Overall, decreased ability to reason scientifically even controlling for dispositions. Additionally, found article length was related participants' ratings Our study...

Summary Video lectures are increasingly prevalent, but they present challenges to learners. Students' minds often wander, yet we know little about how mind wandering affects attention during video lectures. This paper presents two studies that examined eye movement patterns of In the studies, reports were collected by either self‐caught or thought probes. Results similar across studies: was associated with an increased allocation fixations instructor's image. For on slides, average duration...

Two studies are reported investigating children's conceptions of the number zero. The first, with 31/2–61/2‐year‐olds, charts preschoolers' understanding that zero is a among other numbers its own unique value, namely nothing. Children's achievement this occurred in three phases. At each phase lagged behind comparable small numbers. second study, 51/2–10‐year‐olds, investigated developing conception simple algebraic rules, such as + 0 = . Results showed even younger children had some several...

As children become proficient readers, there are substantial changes in the eye movements that subserve reading. Some of these reflect universal developmental factors while others may be specific to a particular writing system. This study attempts disentangle effects and script‐dependent by comparing development English Chinese speakers. Third‐grade (English: mean age = 9.1 years, n 23; Chinese: 9.4 25), fifth‐grade 11.2 30; 11.4, undergraduate students 26; 30) read stories their native...

The current research looked at how listening to music affects eye movements when college students read natural passages for comprehension. Two studies found that effects of depend on both frequency the word and dynamics music. Study 1 showed lexical linguistic features text remained highly robust predictors looking times, even in condition. However, under exposure, (a) readers produced more rereading, (b) gaze duration words with very low were less predicted by length, suggesting disrupted...

Abstract. In need of simultaneously tackling various tasks at a fast pace, teaching is job that requires skillful attention allocation. Selective visual forms the basis teacher's professional vision – expertise attending to and interpreting classroom features, but it also process mostly hidden from direct observation. Eye tracking can capture this otherwise invisible attentional has long been used in demonstrating skill domains. Yet, relationship between teachers' eye movements during...

Abstract Instructional videos are widely used to study teachers’ professional vision. A new technological development in video research is mobile eye-tracking (MET). It has the potential provide fine-grained insights into vision action, but yet been scarcely employed. We addressed this gap by using MET feedback examine how expert and novice teachers differed their noticing weighing of alternative teaching strategies. Expert lessons were recorded with devices. Then, they commented on what...

To examine how readers of Chinese and English take advantage orthographic phonological features in reading, the authors investigated effects spelling errors on reading text using error disruption paradigm M. Daneman E. Reingold (1993). Skilled China United States read passages their native language that contained occasional errors. Results showed under some circumstances very early activation can be identified English, but no evidence for phonology was found Chinese. In both languages,...

Previous research has demonstrated cross-language variation in early counting associated with linguistic differences number-naming systems. Ordinal number names are typically learned later than cardinal names, but languages also differ the regularity which they form these names. Elementary school children China and U.S. showed acquisition use of ordinal numbers corresponding to their native languages. On tasks assessing children's conceptual knowledge relations, a more complicated picture...

MILLER, KEVIN, and GELMAN, ROCHEL. The Child's Representation of Number: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 1470-1479. In order to describe developments in children's conceptions number, judgments similarities between numbers were solicited from children grades kindergarten, 3, 6 as well adults. Analysis the resulting data by clustering nonmetric multidimensional scaling techniques suggested that become sensitive an expanding set numerical relations during this...

The present study evaluated the effects of instructive feedback embedded within a group discrete trial teaching to teach tact relations nine children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder using nonconcurrent multiple‐baseline design. Dependent variables included correct responses for: primary targets (directly taught), secondary (taught via feedback), observational taught other members group), and provided group). Results showed that all participants reached mastery criterion for targets,...

Abstractpurpose To describe the relationship between clinical exam for trachoma and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ocular chlamydia. methods One hundred children in a trachoma-endemic area of Ethiopia were examined three times swabbed twice PCR analysis. The assays compared, an analysis variance was performed. results Inter-examiner agreement 0.57 (Cohen's κ), inter-PCR 0.98, examiner PCR, 0.26–0.34. positive predictive value identifying infection 66%. accounted 30% total with remainder...