Abstract Traits underlie organismal responses to their environment and are essential predict community environmental conditions under global change. Species differ in life‐history traits, morphometrics, diet type, reproductive characteristics habitat utilization. Trait associations widely analysed using phylogenetic comparative methods (PCM) account for correlations among related species. Similarly, traits measured some but not all species, missing continuous (e.g. growth rate) can be...

Abstract The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase ( r max ) represents a population's capacity to replace itself and is central fisheries management conservation. Species with lower typically have slower life histories compared species faster higher . Here, we posit that metabolic related the fast–slow history continuum connection may be stronger for aerobic scope resting rate. Specifically, ask whether variation in or any its component life‐history traits – age‐at‐maturity, age,...

Ontogenetic changes in habitat are driven by shifting life-history requirements and play an important role population dynamics. However, large portions of the life history many pelagic species still poorly understood or unknown. We used a novel combination stable isotope analysis vertebral annuli, Bayesian mixing models, isoscapes electronic tag data to reconstruct ontogenetic patterns resource use apex predator, salmon shark ( Lamna ditropis ). Results identified North Pacific Transition...

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is becoming a commonly used tool to study the ecology of elasmobranchs. However, retention urea by elasmobranchs for osmoregulatory purposes may bias and interpretation SIA data. We examined effects removing lipid on stable composition 14 species sharks, skates, rays from eastern North Pacific Ocean. While were variable across taxa, removal generally increased δ 15 N C:N. Urea had less influence 13 C, whereas extracting N, C:N, C. Because C:N values nonextracted...

Overfishing, habitat loss, and climate change are driving population declines in many species. Understanding a species' capacity to recover from these other threats is necessary for prioritising management. The maximum intrinsic rate of increase (rmax) can be used compare which species or groups particularly sensitive ongoing threats. To investigate global patterns sensitivity rays skates (superorder Batoidea), we calculated rmax 85 using modified Euler-Lotka model that accounts survival...

Abstract The Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) posits that a mismatch in oxygen supply and demand stemming from geometric constraints on gill surface area limits metabolic rate energy available for biological processes. This theory has been suggested to explain numerous phenomena observed with warming yet is based upon relationship among maximum size, growth, established over 40 years ago. However, the metric used this characterize area, index, fails capture known variability scaling of...

Abstract Life history theory suggests that maximum size and growth evolve to maximize fitness. In contrast, the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) in fishes other aquatic, water‐breathing organisms is constrained by body mass‐scaling of gill surface area. Here, we use new data a novel phylogenetic Bayesian multilevel modelling framework test this idea asking three questions posed GOLT regarding size, gills. Across fishes, ask whether area explains (1) variation von Bertalanffy coefficient...

ABSTRACT The gill surface area of aquatic ectotherms is thought to be closely linked the ontogenetic scaling metabolic rate, a relationship that often used explain and predict ecological patterns across species. However, there are surprisingly few within-species tests whether rate scale similarly. We examined between oxygen supply (gill area) demand (metabolic rate) by making paired estimates with resting maximum rates ontogeny in relatively inactive California horn shark, Heterodontus...

Metabolic rate underlies a wide range of phenomena from cellular dynamics to ecosystem structure and function. Models seeking statistically explain variation in metabolic across vertebrates are largely based on body size temperature. Unexpectedly, these models overlook the gills lungs that acquire oxygen needed fuel aerobic processes. Here, we assess importance respiratory surface area explaining patterns vertebrate tree life using novel phylogenetic Bayesian multilevel modeling framework...

All life acquires energy through metabolic processes and that is subsequently allocated to life-sustaining functions such as survival, growth reproduction. Thus, it has long been assumed rate related the history of an organism. Indeed, commonly believed set pace by determining where organism situated along a fast-slow life-history continuum. However, empirical evidence direct interspecific relationship between histories lacking, especially for ectothermic organisms. Here, we ask whether...

Fish gill surface area varies across species and with respect to ecological lifestyles. The majority of previous studies only qualitatively describe in relation ecology focus primarily on teleosts. Here, we quantitatively examined the relationship specific lifestyle traits elasmobranchs, which offer an independent evaluation observed patterns As increases ontogenetically body mass, examination how must be assessed context its allometry (scaling). Thus, mass 11 shark from literature one for...

Abstract Warming temperatures elicit shifts in habitat use and geographic distributions of fishes, with uneven effects across life stages. Spawners embryos often have narrower thermal tolerances than other stages, are thus particularly sensitive to warming. Here, we examine the spatiotemporal variability spawning for Pacific cod eastern Bering Sea. Specifically, bottom from downscaled global climate models coupled an experimentally-derived hatch success temperature relationship predict how...

The prevailing determinant of maturation in fishes is thought to be a redirection energy from growth reproduction. Instead, the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory predicts that maturation, and thus reproduction, induced when fish reaches critical ratio oxygen supply demand (Qm /Qmaint ). consistency this has been previously documented many fishes, but broader test was lacking. In study, authors assess if consistent across 132 unique species, as measured by slope relationship between LmaxD LmD ,...

Abstract Morphology that is linked to metabolic rate – morphology provides broad comparative insights into the physiological performance and ecological function of species. However, some morphological traits, such as gill surface area, require costly lethal sampling. Measurements from anatomically-accurate drawings, those in field guides, offer opportunity understand relationships without need for physical, Here, we assess relationship between physiology ecology nearly all extant sharks....

Metabolic morphology-the morphological features related to metabolic rate-offers broad comparative insights into the physiological performance and ecological function of species. However, some traits, such as gill surface area, require costly lethal sampling. Measurements slit height from anatomically accurate drawings, those in field guides, offer opportunity understand without need for Here, we examine relationship between each three traits that comprise lifestyle: activity, maximum body...

A strength of physiological ecology is its incorporation aspects both species' and physiology; this holistic approach needed to address current future anthropogenic stressors affecting elasmobranch fishes that range from overexploitation the effects climate change. For example, physiology one several key determinants an organism's ecological niche (along with evolutionary constraints interactions). The fundamental role in determination led development field ecology. This considers mechanisms...

Metabolically important traits, such as gill surface area and metabolic rate, underpin life histories, population dynamics extinction risk, they govern the availability of energy for growth, survival reproduction. Estimating both rate can be challenging, especially when working with large-bodied, threatened species. Ideally, these respiratory physiology in general, could inferred from external morphology using a faster, non-lethal method. Gill slit height is quick to measure on live...

Abstract As animal populations continue to decline, understanding global patterns of life histories will improve our predictions species vulnerability and extinction risk prioritise management. Sharks rays are threatened with due overfishing, particularly in the tropics sub-tropics. Metabolic theory suggests that warm-water have a higher maximum intrinsic rate population increase ( r max ) therefore be less intrinsically sensitive exploitation. However, recent empirical work has highlighted...

An extensive literature exists on how environmental conditions, especially temperature, impact animal body sizes. However, there remains considerable discrepancies, and misunderstanding, in the key definitions concepts of size used to describe observed impacts across studies. Size can be measured using continuous growth metrics, including von Bertalanffy coefficients, or static 'size' such as population-averaged length mass, average size-at-(arbitrary)-age, size-at-maturity, adult size,...

Abstract All life acquires energy through metabolic processes and that is subsequently allocated to life-sustaining functions such as survival, growth, reproduction. Thus, it has long been assumed rate related the history of an organism. Indeed, commonly believed set pace by determining where organism situated along a fast-slow continuum. However, empirical evidence relationship between histories lacking, especially for ectothermic organisms. Here, we ask whether three traits – maximum body...

Abstract Life history theory argues that an organism’s maximum size and its corresponding growth rate have evolved to maximize lifetime reproductive output. The Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory suggests in aquatic organisms, is instead constrained by the surface area of gills, primary site gas exchange with environment. A central prediction this a tight relationship among size, growth, gill area. Yet since idea was first tested early 1980s, data availability has increased analytical methods...

Abstract Brain size varies dramatically, both within and across species, this variation is often believed to be the result of trade‐offs between cognitive benefits having a large brain for given body energetic cost sustaining neural tissue. One potential consequence that organisms must also meet associated high demands. Thus, key question whether metabolic rate correlates with size. However, using measure demand yields relatively instantaneous dynamic energy turnover, which incompatible...