Symptom development of a plant viral disease is result molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant; thus, elucidation specific prerequisite to reveal mechanism pathogenesis. Here, we show that chloroplast precursor ferredoxin-5 (Fd V) from maize (Zea mays) interacts with multifunctional HC-Pro protein sugar cane mosaic (SCMV) in yeast, Nicotiana benthamiana cells protoplasts. Our results demonstrate transit peptide rather than mature Fd V could interact both N-terminal...

Grafting is widely used as a breeding method to enhance productivity and resilience. However, the mechanisms of graft healing remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed Malus domestica (‘Hanfu’) homograft observed morphological anatomical changes during process in junction within 40 days after grafting (DAG) with focus on vascular connection between stock scion traced acid fuchsin dye. The observation showed different phases process. Phase I, from 0 20 DAG,...

Objective Bile reflux plays a key role in the development of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), an independent risk factor cancer. Here, we aimed to explore biological mechanism GIM induced by bile rat model. Methods Rats were treated with 2% sodium salicylate and allowed freely drink 20 mmol/L deoxycholate for 12 weeks, was confirmed histopathological analysis. Gastric microbiota profiled according 16S rDNA V3–V4 region, transcriptome sequenced, serum acids (BAs) analyzed targeted...

RNA silencing plays a critical role against viral infection. To counteract this antiviral silencing, viruses have evolved various suppressors. Meanwhile, plants counter-counter defense strategies suppression (RSS). In study, the violaxanthin deepoxidase protein of maize (Zea mays), ZmVDE, was shown to interact specifically with helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro; suppressor) Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) via its mature region by yeast two-hybrid assay, which confirmed coimmunoprecipitation...

Abstract Our previous studies have found that the levels of cytochrome P450 and oxidative activities monooxygenases were enhanced in a fenvalerate‐resistant strain (HDFR) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) China, comparing with those susceptible (HDS). Here, we report molecular cloning gene expression specific CYP6B7 from HDFR HDS H. . Comparison deduced amino acid sequence showed there three substitutions acids coding region cDNA strain, strain. Meanwhile, mutative nucleotides intron genomic DNA...

SUMMARY The expression of host genes can be altered during the process viral infection. To investigate infection‐induced up‐regulated gene changes maize at different time intervals post‐inoculation with Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library was constructed. A total 454 clones were identified to genes. influence Rop1 on infection by SCMV investigated. results showed that transient silencing ZmRop1 through virus‐induced enhanced accumulation and...

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) p24 has been reported to be an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). However, the mechanisms underlying p24's suppression of are unknown. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated assays, we showed that GLRaV-2 is a strong RSS triggered by positive-sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) RNA, and effectively blocks accumulation small interfering RNAs. Deletion analyses region amino acids 1-188, which contains all predicted α-helices β-strands, required...

Abstract The present study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of bile reflux-inducing chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) with colonic mucosal lesion. rat model CAG lesion was induced by free-drinking 20 mmol/L sodium deoxycholate simulate reflux and 2% cold salicylate for 12 weeks. In comparison control group, rats had increased abundances Bacteroidetes Firmicutes but decreased Proteobacteria Fusobacterium . Several gut bacteria acids transformation ability were enriched in such as...

To characterize the prevalence of viruses associated with grapevine leafroll disease in China, 249 (Vitis spp.) samples (86 popular cultivars and a rootstock) from 19 provinces regions were collected tested for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, GLRaV-4 strain 5 by SYBR Green real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RT-PCR sequencing. GLRaV-3 was found 100% while GLRaV-1, detected 24.9% (62/249), 15.3% (38/249), 0.80%...

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is a prevalent associated with grapevine leafroll disease, but the molecular mechanism underlying GLRaV-2 infection largely unclear. Here, we report that 24-kDa protein (p24), an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) encoded by GLRaV-2, promotes accumulation via interaction B3 DNA-binding domain of (Vitis vinifera) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (VvRAV1), transcription factor belonging to APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF)...

To determine prevalence and distribution of G rapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7 ( GLR a V ‐7) in C hina, total 213 grapevine itis spp.) samples (92 popular cultivars) from 13 hinese provinces regions were tested for the presence ‐7 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT ‐ PCR ) assays sequencing. was found 40·4% samples, shown to be widely distributed major growing areas hina. aV‐7 more than 50 cultivars. Some grape cultivars showed high incidence infection, such as M...

The pathogenicity of grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA), a recently identified DNA virus, to plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report new GGVA isolate (named GGVAQN) obtained from ‘Queen Nina’ with severe disease symptoms; the infectious clone GGVAQN (pXT-GGVAQN) was also constructed. Infection assays indicated that Nicotiana benthamiana inoculated display upward leaf curling and chlorotic mottling symptoms. Direct injection Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying...

The pathogenicity of grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA), a recently identified DNA virus, to plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report new GGVA isolate (named GGVAQN) obtained from ‘Queen Nina’ with severe disease symptoms. infectious clone GGVAQN (pXT-GGVAQN) was constructed investigate its pathogenicity. Nicotiana benthamiana inoculated by agroinfiltration displayed upward leaf curling and chlorotic mottling simple, quick, efficient method for delivering clones into developed, which...

To satisfy the demands of food industry, innovative flavor enhancers need to be developed urgently increase flavor. In our work, N-lauroyl phenylalanine (LP) was prepared from (l-Phe) and lauric acid (Lau) in water through use commercial enzymes (Promatex, Sumizyme FP-G, Trypsin), its flavor-presenting properties mechanism were investigated. The highest LP yields obtained under one-factor optimized conditions 61.28, 63.43, 77.58%, respectively. Sensory assessment an e-tongue test revealed...

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production certified material and development virus‐resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once viruses have infected plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant activity against viruses. Replication leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) was obviously inhibited in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) extract. The relative RNA levels...

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) is a major pathogen associated with grapevine leafroll disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-1 interactions plant cells are unclear. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA-silencing assays, we demonstrated that p24 protein (p24G1) acts as an suppressor (RSS), inhibiting local and systemic RNA silencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed p24G1 binds double-stranded 21-nucleotide small interfering (siRNA),...

Abstract Using reverse transcription (RT) PCR and quantitative RT‐PCR, we showed the presence of apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), pitting (ASPV), chlorotic leaf spot (ACLSV), scar skin viroid (ASSVd) in all tested parts pear plants from China. Relative RNA accumulation ASGV, ASPV, ASSVd annual branch phloem different cultivars displayed seasonal variations, but relatively high October. Based on these results, 821 samples (annual branches) October 2018 2019 were collected major pear‐growing...

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is one of the most economically important diseases cultivated grapevines (Vitis vinifera), causing decrease in yield, as well decreasing sugar levels and increasing acidity berries (1). There are currently at least 10 serologically distinct viruses, referred to grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs), from family Closteroviridae that associated with (4). China world's leading grape producers, nearly 75% vineyards located Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous...