A5091900271- Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Climate variability and models
- Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Marine and fisheries research
- Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
- Offshore Engineering and Technologies
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Underwater Acoustics Research
- Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems
- Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Geological Studies and Exploration
- Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
- Advanced Data Storage Technologies
- Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis
- Maritime Navigation and Safety
- Cryospheric studies and observations
- Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods
- Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
- Hydrological Forecasting Using AI
- Financial Reporting and XBRL
- Environmental Monitoring and Data Management
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Maritime Security and History
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere
2013-2024
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
2016-2023
Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research
2021-2022
Health Sciences and Nutrition
2016
In the past two decades, Argo Program has collected, processed and distributed over million vertical profiles of temperature salinity from upper kilometers global ocean. A similar number subsurface velocity observations near 1000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts history Program, its aspiration arising out World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to development implementation instrumentation telecommunication systems, various technical problems encountered. We describe data...
The energy radiated by the Earth towards space does not compensate incoming radiation from Sun leading to a small positive imbalance at top of atmosphere (0.4-1.Wm-2). This is coined Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI). It mostly caused anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions and driving current warming planet. Precise monitoring EEI critical assess status climate change future evolution climate. But challenging as two order magnitude smaller than fluxes in out Earth. Over 93% excess that gained...
Abstract Ocean warming accounts for the majority of earth’s recent energy imbalance. Historic ocean heat content (OHC) changes are important understanding changing climate. Calculations OHC anomalies (OHCA) from in situ measurements provide estimates these changes. Uncertainties OHCA arise calculating global fields temporally and spatially irregular data (mapping method), instrument bias corrections, definitions a baseline climatology which calculated. To investigate sensitivity upper 700 m...
Abstract Systematic biases in historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data are examined using two datasets: 4151 XBT–CTD side-by-side pairs from 1967 to 2011 and 218 653 global-scale (within one month 1°) extracted the World Ocean Database 2009 (WOD09) 1966 2010. Using dataset, it was found that both pure thermal bias XBT fall rate (from which depth of observation is calculated) increase with water temperature. Correlations between terminal velocity A deceleration B terms fall-rate...
Abstract Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were the major component of ocean temperature profile observations from late 1960s through early 2000s, and XBTs still continue to provide critical monitor surface subsurface currents, meridional heat transport, content. Systematic errors have been identified in XBT data, some which originate computing depth using a theoretically experimentally derived fall-rate equation (FRE). After in-depth studies these biases discussions held several...
Despite playing a major role in global ocean heat storage, the Southern Ocean remains most sparsely measured region of ocean. Here, unique 25-year temperature time-series upper 800 m, repeated several times year across Ocean, allows us to document long-term change within water-masses and how it compares interannual variability. Three regions stand out as having strong trends that dominate over variability: warming subantarctic waters (0.29 ± 0.09 °C per decade); cooling near-surface subpolar...
Abstract The East Australian Current (EAC) is the complex and highly energetic poleward western boundary current of South Pacific Ocean. A full-depth meter property (temperature salinity) mooring array was deployed from continental shelf to abyssal waters off Brisbane Australia (27°S) for 18 months April 2012 August 2013. EAC an essential component Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). During this period coherent with eddy kinetic mean energy ratio less than 1. 18-month, mean,...
The first eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs) were deployed in the 1960s North Atlantic Ocean. In 1967 XBTs operational mode to provide a continuous record of temperature profile data along repeated transects, now known as Global XBT Network. current network is designed monitor ocean circulation and boundary variability, basin-wide trans-basin heat transport, global regional content. ability Network systematically map upper thermal field multiple basins with sections at eddy-resolving scales...
Abstract Because they make up 56% of ocean temperature profile data between 1967 and 2001, quantifying the biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) is fundamental to understanding evolution planetary energy sea level budgets over recent decades. The nature time history these remain dispute dominate differences analyses warming. A database 4100 side-by-side deployments XBTs conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) has been assembled, this unique resource used characterize separate out pure...
Ocean temperature observations are crucial for a host of climate research and forecasting activities, such as monitoring, ocean reanalysis state estimation, seasonal-to-decadal forecasts, forecasting. For all these applications, it is to understand the uncertainty attached each observations, accounting changes in instrument technology observing practices over time. Here, we describe rationale behind specification provided situ International Quality-controlled Database (IQuOD) v0.1,...
Millions of in situ ocean temperature profiles have been collected historically using various instrument types with varying sensor accuracy and then assembled into global databases. These are essential to our current understanding the changing state oceans, sea level, Earth’s climate, marine ecosystems fisheries, for constraining model projections future change that underpin mitigation adaptation solutions. Profiles distributed shortly after collection also widely used operational...
Abstract The East Australian Current (EAC) is the complex, highly energetic western boundary current that flows along east coast of Australia. EAC and its associated turbulent eddies dominate marine climate Coral Tasman Seas eastern continental shelf. Here we present a series consistent data products combines in situ temperature, salinity velocity observations from Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) mooring array North...
A high-quality hydrographic observational database is essential for ocean and climate studies operational applications. Because there are numerous global regional databases, duplicate data continues to be an issue in management, processing merging, posing a challenge on effectively accurately using oceanographic derive robust statistics reliable products. This study aims provide algorithm identify the duplicates assign labels them. We propose first definition of exact possible duplicates;...
Abstract Biases have been identified in historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) datasets, which are one of the major sources uncertainty ocean subsurface database. More than 10 correction schemes were proposed; however, their performance has not collectively evaluated and compared. This study quantifies how well different available can correct XBT data by comparing corrected with collocated reference both World Ocean Database (WOD) 2013 EN4 dataset. Four metrics proposed to quantify...
Abstract Expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) have been widely deployed for ocean monitoring since the late 1960s. Improving quality of XBT data is a vital task in climatology. Many factors (e.g., temperature, probe type, and manufacturing time) identified as major influences systematic bias. In addition, recording system (RS) has long suspected another factor. However, this factor not taken into account any global correction schemes, partly because its impact poorly understood. Here, based...
Abstract Despite technological advances over the last several decades, ship-based hydrography remains only method for obtaining high-quality, high spatial and vertical resolution measurements of physical, chemical, biological parameters full water column essential oceanography climate science. The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) coordinates a network globally sustained hydrographic sections. These data provide unique set that spans four comprised more...
Abstract Time-varying biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instruments have emerged as a key uncertainty estimates of historical ocean heat content variability and change. One the challenges development XBT bias corrections is lack metadata profile databases. Approximately 50% profiles World Ocean database (WOD) no information about manufacturer or probe type. Building on previous research efforts, this paper presents deterministic algorithm for assigning missing type individual...
Since the 1970s, eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs) have provided simplest and most cost-efficient solution for rapid sampling of temperature vs. depth profiles upper part ocean along ship transects. This manual, compiled by Ship Opportunity Program Implementation Panel (SOOPIP) a subgroup Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Observations Coordination Group (OCG) Team (SOT) together with members XBT Science Team, aims to improve quality assurance data establishing best practices field...
Abstract The years since 2000 have been a golden age in situ ocean observing with the proliferation and organization of autonomous platforms such as surface drogued buoys subsurface Argo profiling floats augmenting ship-based observations. Global time series mean sea temperature heat content are routinely calculated based on data from these platforms, enhancing our understanding ocean’s role Earth’s climate system. Individual measurements meteorological, surface, variables directly improve...
Abstract A very large portion of the historical information on ocean temperatures has been measured using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) devices. For decades, these devices provided majority global information. It is, therefore, important to quantify their accuracy and identify biases in this dataset. Here, calculations are made influence water temperature rate descent XBT into waters. In colder regions, larger viscosity is expected cause a greater drag force device, which would slow...
Abstract The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ∼60% that upper 700 m. Differences upper-ocean content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008—with six instrumental bias adjustments applied expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by research groups—to evaluate spatiotemporal spread OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1)...
Abstract In situ observations are vital to improving our understanding of the variability and dynamics ocean. A critical component ocean circulation is strong, narrow, highly variable western boundary currents. Ocean moorings that extend from seafloor surface remain most effective efficient method fully observe these For various reasons, mooring instruments may not provide continuous records. Here we assess application Iterative Completion Self-Organizing Maps (ITCOMPSOM) machine learning...
A high-quality hydrographic observational database is essential for ocean and climate studies operational applications. Because there are numerous global regional databases, duplicate data continues to be an issue in management, processing merging, posing a challenge on effectively accurately using oceanographic derive robust statistics reliable products. This study aims provide algorithms identify the duplicates assign labels them. We propose first set of criteria define data; second,...
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22318-6