Seroepidemiological studies have revealed that influenza C virus is widely distributed globally. However, because the isolation of this difficult, there been few reports on its clinical features.Between December 1990 and November 2004, 84,946 respiratory-tract specimens were obtained from patients < or = 15 years old. On basis results virus, we examined data children infected with virus.Of 170 157 (92.4%) 6 Fever (frequency, 90.0%), cough 74.1%), rhinorrhea 61.8%) most frequent symptoms. The...

Noroviruses (NV) are one of the leading causes gastroenteritis in young children; however, duration NV shedding children is not well known.Fecal specimens were collected from with acute at a pediatric clinic during period November to December 2002 and tested for by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Of 71 infected NV, 60 (84.5%) less than 3 years old. Among aged <2 those 2 5 years, illness was longer (7 days versus 3.5 days, P = 0.0069), maximum number stools 24-hour greater 3,...

Human enterovirus species A (HEV-A) consists of at least 16 members different serotypes that are known to be the causative agents hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina, other diseases, such as respiratory polio-like flaccid paralysis. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) major HFMD. CVA5, CVA6, CVA10, CVA12 mainly cause herpangina or occasionally involved with sporadic cases We have previously shown human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is a cellular for...

Increased detection of enterovirus 68 (EV68) among patients with acute respiratory infections has been reported from different parts the world in late 2000s since its first pediatric lower-respiratory-tract 1962. However, underlying molecular mechanisms for this trend are still unknown. We therefore aimed to study antigenicity and receptor binding properties EV68 detected recent years comparison prototype strain EV68, Fermon strain. performed neutralization (NT) hemagglutination inhibition...

Phylogenetic analysis of 45 enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolates for 6 years in Yamagata, Japan, clarified that the annual outbreak hand-foot-and-mouth disease was due to four genetically distinct subgenogroups, including a novel "B5." Our results suggest importation EV71 from surrounding countries has had major epidemiological impact on local community used our study.

ABSTRACT Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease also sometimes associated with serious neurological disorders. In this study, we characterized the antigenicity tissue specificity an attenuated strain EV71 [EV71(S1-3′)], which belongs to genotype A, in monkey infection model. Three cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated EV71(S1-3′), followed by lethal challenge parental virulent EV71(BrCr-TR) via intravenous route on day 45 postinoculation EV71(S1-3′). Monkeys...

ABSTRACT To clarify the epidemiology of enterovirus 68 (EV68), which is one most rarely identified enteroviruses, virus isolation and molecular screening using RT‐PCR was performed on 6307 respiratory specimens collected at pediatric clinics in Yamagata, Japan between 2005 2010. In years 2005–2009, 10, 1, 2, 0, 2 (40) EV68‐positive cases, respectively, were by RT‐PCR. 2010, 40 cases altogether: only, 26 12 both Phylogenetic analysis indicated that plural genetically distinct clusters...

The available literature on human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in Japan is limited to epidemiological studies conducted over a maximum of 1 year. We 4-year study HCoVs by analyzing 4,342 respiratory specimens obtained Yamagata, Japan, between January 2010 and December 2013. A pan-coronavirus reverse transcription-PCR screening assay was performed, all HCoV-positive were subsequently confirmed sequencing the PCR products. detected 332 (7.6%) HCoV strains during period, comprising 133 (3.1%)...

ABSTRACT Here, we show that human parainfluenza viruses and Sendai virus (SeV), like other respiratory viruses, use TMPRSS2 for their activation. The membrane fusion proteins of often possess serine glutamine residues at the P2 P3 positions, respectively, but these were not critical cleavage by TMPRSS2. However, mutations affected SeV growth in specific epithelial cell lines, suggesting importance replication epithelia.

We determined the antigenic structure of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus hemagglutinin (HA) using 599 escape mutants that were selected 16 anti-HA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against A/Narita/1/2009. The sequencing mutant HA genes revealed 43 amino acid substitutions at 24 positions in three sites, Sa, Sb, and Ca2, which previously mapped onto A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8/34) (A. J. Caton, G. Brownlee, W. Yewdell, Gerhard, Cell 31:417-427, 1982), an undesignated site, i.e., residues...

Viral infection may induce the expression of heme oxygenase, resulting in increased carbon monoxide (CO) formation. CO be produced by various cells upper and lower respiratory tract detected exhaled air. Therefore, concentrations were measured on a monitor vital capacity maneuver subjects with infections (URTIs) nonsmoking smoking healthy control subjects. At time symptoms URTI, 5.6 +/- 0.4 ppm decreased to 1.0 0.1 during recovery. Recovery values similar those age-matched (1.2 0.3 ppm)....

Human parechovirus has rarely been shown to cause clinical disease in adults. During June-August 2008, a total of 22 adults sought treatment at Yonezawa City Hospital Yamagata, Japan, for muscle pain and weakness all limbs; most also had fever sore throat. All patients received diagnosis epidemic myalgia; laboratory findings suggested an acute inflammatory process. Laboratory confirmation infection with human type 3 (HPeV3) was made 14 patients; we isolated HPeV3 from 7 patients, detected...

Abstract Background Recent studies strongly suggest that some respiratory viruses are associated with the induction of acute wheezing and/or exacerbation bronchial asthma. However, molecular epidemiology these is not exactly known. Methods Using PCR technology, we attempted to detect various from 115 Japanese children. Furthermore, detected were subjected homology, pairwise distance, and phylogenetic analysis. Results Viruses 99 (86.1%) patients. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone human...

Most acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are thought to be associated with viruses that cause similar symptoms. Therefore, assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features these is important for diagnosing a viral infection. We collected 13,325 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients ARIs isolated the virus using microplate method involving 7 cell lines between 2004 2011 in Yamagata, Japan. total 5,483 viruses. Respiratory syncytial (RSV), influenza A (FluA), human metapneumovirus (hMPV),...

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease sometimes causes severe or fatal neurological complications. The amino acid at VP1-145 determines the virological characteristics EV71. Viruses with glutamic (E) (VP1-145E) are virulent in neonatal mice transgenic expressing human scavenger receptor B2, whereas those glutamine (Q) glycine (G) not. However, contribution this variation to pathogenesis humans not fully understood. We compared virulence VP1-145E VP1-145G...

Although well over 200 viral agents have been implicated in acute respiratory infections (ARIs) among children, no system able to detect such a wide range of viruses has established. Between January 2004 and December 2005, modified microplate method, including HEF, HEp-2, Vero E6, MDCK, RD-18S, GMK cell lines (HHVe6MRG plate), was adopted isolate viruses. A total 1,551 were isolated, representing both outbreaks sporadic cases, from 4,107 nasopharyngeal specimens, at monthly isolation rates...

Oseltamivir is the preferred antiviral drug for influenza, but oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses have circulated worldwide since 2007-2008 influenza season. We aimed to determine rate of oseltamivir resistance among isolates from Yamagata, Japan, compare virological characteristics between and 2008-2009 seasons, evaluate clinical effectiveness oseltamivir.Oseltamivir resistance, determined by detecting H275Y mutation in neuraminidase (NA) gene, was observed 2.5% (2 79) 100% (77 77)...

Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the has been only occasionally by cell culture; there are four strains for which complete genome sequences registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 genomes, ranging from isolate 1947 to recent isolates 2014, determine genetic lineages virus, reassortment events, and rates nucleotide substitution. The results showed that six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic...

The incidence of modified measles (M-Me), characterized by milder symptoms than those typical (T-Me), has been increasing in Japan. However, the outbreak dominated M-Me cases not thoroughly investigated worldwide. largest importation-related with genotype D8 occurred Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, from March to April 2017. This phenomenon was observed after Japan had achieved elimination 2015. We confirmed 60 detecting genome virus (MeV). Among cases, 38 were and 22 T-Me. Thirty-nine (65.0%)...

ABSTRACT During the period from January to July 2004, a total of 131 influenza C viruses were detected by cell culture or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) specimens that obtained children with acute respiratory symptoms in 10 prefectures across Japan. Influenza virus was identified most frequently Miyagi (1.4%, 45 3,226 specimens) and Yamagata (2.5%, 31 1,263 prefectures, frequency this year highest since 1990. Phylogenetic analysis hemagglutinin esterase gene 13 strains isolated nine...

Recent studies suggest that human rhinovirus species A, B and C (HRV-ABCs) may be associated with both the common cold severe acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) such as bronchiolitis, wheezy bronchiolitis pneumonia. However, state molecular epidemiology of these viruses in Japan is not fully understood. This study detected genomes HRV-ABCs from Japanese patients (92 cases, 0–36 years old, mean±sd 3.5±5.0 years) various ARIs including upper infection, croup pneumonia between January December...

To clarify the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs), 305 human parainfluenza virus types 1 (HPIV1), 154 HPIV2 and 574 HPIV3 strains were isolated from 16,962 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained between 2002 2011 at pediatric clinics in Yamagata, Japan. The total isolation frequency for HPIV1-3 was 6.1%. Unlike HPIV1 infections, showed clear seasonality with yearly outbreaks spring-summer season. tended to appear biannually autumn-winter. Although no reliable techniques...