Commonly used dependence measures, such as linear correlation, cross-correlogram, or Kendall's tau , cannot capture the complete structure in data unless is restricted to linear, periodic, monotonic. Mutual information (MI) has been frequently utilized for capturing including nonlinear dependence. Recently, several methods have proposed MI estimation, kernel density estimators (KDEs), k -nearest neighbors (KNNs), Edgeworth approximation of differential entropy, and adaptive partitioning XY...

Subplate neurons (SPNs) are a population of in the mammalian cerebral cortex that exist predominantly prenatal and early postnatal period. Loss SPNs prevents functional maturation cortex. receive subcortical input from thalamus relay this information to developing cortical plate thereby can influence activity feedforward manner. Little is known about potential feedback projections SPNs. Thus, we investigated spatial distribution intracortical synaptic inputs vitro mouse auditory by...

Neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) can show rapid changes receptive fields when animals are engaged sound detection and discrimination tasks. The source of a signal to A1 that triggers these is suspected be frontal cortical areas. How or whether activity areas influence sensory processing detailed occurring on level single neurons neuronal populations remain uncertain. Using electrophysiological techniques mice, we found pairing orbitofrontal (OFC) stimulation with stimuli caused...

Wide field-of-view magnetic field microscopy has been realised by probing shifts in optically detected resonance (ODMR) spectrum of Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) defect centers diamond. However, these widefield diamond NV magnetometers require few to several minutes acquisition get a single image, rendering the technique temporally static it's current form. This limitation prevents application novel imaging dynamically varying microscale processes. Here, we show that frame rate can be significantly...

Cross‐spectrum analysis based on linear correlations in the time domain suggested a coupling between large river flows and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. A nonlinear measure mutual information (MI) reveals extrabasinal connections ENSO tropics subtropics, that are 20–70% higher than those so far by correlations. The enhanced dependence observed for Nile, Amazon, Congo, Paraná, Ganges rivers, which affect large, densely populated regions of world, has significant impacts...

16p11.2 deletion is one of the most common gene copy variations that increases susceptibility to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This syndrome leads developmental delays, including speech impairment delays in expressive language communication skills. To study vocal associated with syndrome, we used 16p11.2del mouse model performed an analysis pup isolation calls (PICs). The earliest PICs at postnatal day 5 from pups were found altered a male-specific fashion relative wild-type...

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) contain predictable sequential structures like bird songs and speech. Neural representation of USVs in the mouse primary auditory cortex (Au1) its plasticity with experience has been largely studied single-syllables or dyads, without using predictability USV sequences. Studies playback sequences have used randomly selected from numerous possibilities. The current study uses mutual information to obtain context-specific natural (NSeqs) syllables capturing...

Extrusion cooking of fish and rice-flour blends in a single-screw extruder was studied under wide range variables barrel temperature, screw speed, content feed-moisture which ranged from 100 to 200C, 70–110 rev/min, 5–45% 20–60%, respectively. Experiments based on rotatable design showed that the physical properties expansion ratio, bulk density, hardness water solubility index (WSI) were significantly affected by all process except speed. Barrel temperatures greater than 180C feed moistures...

Ncm, 6-nitrocoumarin-7-ylmethyl, is a photolabile protective group useful for making "caged" molecules. Ncm marries the reliable photochemistry of 2-nitrobenzyl systems with excellent stability and spectroscopic properties coumarin chromophore. From simple, commercially available starting materials, preparation its caged derivatives both quick easy. Photorelease Ncm-caged molecules occurs on microsecond time scale, quantum efficiencies 0.05–0.08. We report synthesis physical derivatives. The...

Given the connectivity of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with sensory areas and involved in goal execution, it is likely that OFC, along its function reward processing, also has a role to play perception-based multisensory decision-making. To understand mechanisms decision-making, important first know encoding different stimuli single neurons mouse OFC. Ruling out effects behavioral state, memory, others, we studied anesthetized OFC responses auditory, visual, audiovisual/multisensory stimuli,...

Neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) exhibit strong nonlinearities spectral processing. Low-order models that transform stimulus spectrum into discharge rate using a combination of first- and second-order weighting (quadratic models) usually fail to predict responses novel stimuli for principal neurons DCN, even though they work well ventral nucleus. Here we investigate effects contrast on performance such models. Typically, with natural-sound-like contrasts (~12 dB), but have good...

Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) controls flexible behavior through stimulus value updating based on outcome associations, allowing seamless navigation in dynamic sensory environments with changing contingencies. Sensory cue driven responses, primarily studied behavior, exist the OFC. However, OFC neurons’ response properties, particularly auditory, are unknown mouse, a genetically tractable animal. We show that mouse single neurons have unique auditory properties showing pure oddball...

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are of communicative significance and can serve as one the major tools for behavioral phenotyping in mouse models neurological disorders with social communication deficits. Understanding identifying mechanisms role laryngeal structures generating USVs is crucial to understanding neural control its production, which likely dysfunctional disorders. Although USV production accepted be a whistle-based phenomenon, class whistle debatable. Contradictory...

Scaffolds play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering to support the defect area through regeneration and reconstruction. Promising without negative repercussions avoidance of lifelong presence inside body make bioresorbable metals prosper field regenerative medicine. Recently, Zn its alloys have emerged as promising biodegradable materials for their moderate degradation rate satisfactory biocompatibility. Nevertheless, it is very challenging cells adhere grow over surface alone, which...