Summary The transcriptional regulators for anthocyanin pigmentation include proteins containing R2R3‐MYB domains, bHLH domains and conserved WD40 repeats, their interactions determine the set of genes to be expressed. Spontaneous ivory seed ( ivs ) mutants Ipomoea purpurea displaying pale pigmented flowers seeds are caused by insertions DNA transposons into bHLH2 gene that encodes a regulator. A partial reduction in expression all structural encoding enzymes biosynthesis was observed young...

Summary Observations of cellular organization are essential in understanding the mechanisms underlying leaf morphogenesis. These observations require several preparative steps, such as fixation and clearing organs, procedures time‐consuming labor‐intensive for large‐scale analyses. Thus, we have developed simple methods observation epidermal mesophyll cells. To visualize epidermis, a gel cast was made surface, which then observed under light microscope. cells, leaves were immersed solution...

Leaf morphogenesis relies on adaxial/abaxial patterning and extensive growth. This study investigated the role of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) from Arabidopsis thaliana in these processes. The an3 mutants produce narrower leaves that contain significantly fewer cells than wild type. We examined genetic interaction between asymmetric leaves2 (as2), which has a weak adaxial defect. as2 developed trumpet-like accumulated transcripts abaxially expressed genes at higher levels as2. Gene expression...

Abstract Madagascar is home to seven unique baobab species in the genus Adansonia , all threatened by climate change, habitat destruction, and deforestation. Previous studies have highlighted vulnerability of baobabs, particularly A. suarezensis without delving into specific genetic structure its populations. In this paper we examine structure, diversity, connectivity populations using genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data. The results revealed significant differentiation...

ABSTRACT Plantago hakusanensis (2 n = 4 x 24) is an endangered endemic species that occurs in subalpine zones Japan. To clarify the unresolved phylogenetic position of P. within subgenus , we constructed a tree based on nuclear‐encoded single‐copy gene sucrose–proton symporter 1 ( SUC1 ) using 60 previously reported alleles from 24 taxa . We found was closely related to asiatica var. densiuscula The relationships between and were further examined by analyses nuclear regions internal...

Summary To gain more insight into the physiological function of nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ), we investigated effects exogenous on growth in A rabidopsis thaliana . Plants were grown air without for 1 wk after sowing and then 1–4 with (designated treated plants) or (control irrigated semiweekly a nutrient solution containing 19.7 mM nitrate 10.3 ammonium. Five‐week‐old plants 50 ppb showed ≤ 2.8‐fold increase biomass relative to controls. Treated also early flowering. The magnitude leaf...

Abstract During leaf development, a decrease in cell number often triggers an increase size. This phenomenon, called compensation, suggests that some system coordinates proliferation and expansion, but how this is mediated at the molecular level still unclear. The fugu2 mutants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) exhibit typical compensation phenotypes. Here, we report FUGU2 gene encodes FASCIATA1 (FAS1), p150 subunit of Chromatin Assembly Factor1. To uncover fas1 mutation induces performed...

Polyploidization is a frequent evolutionary event in plants that has large influence on speciation and evolution of the genome. Molecular phylogenetic analyses taxonomically complex subgenus Plantago were conducted to elucidate intrasubgeneric relationships. A nuclear-encoding single-copy gene, SUC1 (1.0-1.8 kb), was sequenced 24 taxa representing all five sections two from Coronopus as outgroup. Fifteen known polyploids one putative polyploid sampled examine origins occurrence reticulate by...

Abstract The often patchy distribution of serpentine geology can lead to abrupt changes in soil and microclimates. Thus, areas provide an ideal natural setting understand how divergent selection drives the process local adaptation edaphically specialized plants. When ecotype is surrounded by a related nonserpentine ecotype, balance potential gene flow should maintain different ecotypes over very short distances. We aimed reveal mechanisms allowing goldenrod species co‐occur sympatrically...

Summary Early stages of ecological speciation can create populations with an ecology and reproduction timing distinct from those related populations. Landscape genetic models incorporating environmental heterogeneity population‐specific reproductive traits enable the processes population differentiation to be inferred. We investigated genome‐wide variation in ecotypic Solidago virgaurea sensu lato, a herbaceous plant inhabiting wide range habitats (woodlands, serpentine barrens alpine...

Leaves are determinate organs; hence, precise control of cell proliferation and post-mitotic expansion is essential for their growth. A defect in often triggers enhanced leaves. This phenomenon referred to as ‘compensation’. Several lines evidence from studies on compensation have shown that coordinately regulated during leaf development. Therefore, has attracted much attention the mechanisms However, our understanding at subcellular level remains limited because focused mainly...

Plant peptides play important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. The RTFL/DVL family includes small that are widely conserved among land plants. Overexpression six RTFL genes Arabidopsis was suggestive their functions as negative regulators cell proliferation positional cues along the longitudinal axis body . At this time, few reports available on paralogs other species evolutionary relationship members plants remains unclear. In study, we compared analyzed whole amino...

All vertebrates, from jawless fish to mammals, possess adaptive immune systems that can detect and inactivate non-self-antigens through a vast repertoire of antigen receptors. Unlike jawed the hagfish utilizes variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are unrelated immunoglobulin molecules but diversified by copy-choice gene conversion mechanism. Here, we report VLRs react with allogenic leukocyte antigens not self-antigens. We found highly polymorphic membrane protein, NICIR3, is recognized as...

The processes and mechanisms underlying lineage diversification are major topics in evolutionary biology. Eurasian goldenrod species of the Solidago virgaurea complex show remarkable morphological ecological diversity Japanese Archipelago, with ecotypic taxa well adapted to specific environments (climate, edaphic conditions disturbance regimes). is a suitable model investigate actively speciating plant groups, due its ability evolve relation environmental adaptation historical population...

Transposon display (TD) is a powerful technique to identify the integration site of transposons in gene tagging as functional genomic tool for elucidating function. Although active endogenous DNA have been used extensively maize, only two rice identified, 0.43-kb element mPing MITE family and 0.6-kb nDart hAT family. The transposition was shown be induced by crossing with line containing its autonomous aDart stabilized segregating under natural growth conditions, while mPing-related elements...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The aboveground part of one‐leaf plants (Gesneriaceae) consists a unique shoot‐like unit called phyllomorph, which is composed growing lamina and one petiolode (a stem‐ petiole‐like organ). phyllomorph has three meristems: basal meristem (BM; involved in growth), (PM; required for midrib groove (GM; contributes to inflorescence new development). Although the GM tunica‐corpus structure like conventional shoot apical (SAM), vegetative plant does not form any organ...

An elastic-plastic dynamic analysis method based on the beam elements is developed in order to investigate behavior of PC beams under impact loading. First, limit dropping height test predicted by high speed loading analysis. Second, performed confirm failure bonded and unbonded using newly built weight machine. Finally, simulate results obtained test.

Plant invertases (EC 3.2.1.26)are classified as acid and alkaline on the basis of their pH optima.They are also soluble boundinvertases intracellular localization.Recently, inver-

Contrasting life-history traits can evolve through generations of dwarf plant ecotypes, yet such phenotypic changes often involve decreased size and reproductive allocation, which configure seed dispersal patterns and, subsequently, population demography. Therefore, evolutionary transitions to dwarfism represent good study systems test the roles in demography by comparing genetic structure between related but phenotypically divergent ecotypes.In this study, we examined an ecotypic taxon pair...