Morphometric methodologies were developed and applied to investigate the patterns of vascular development in maternal (caruncular; CAR) fetal (cotyledonary; COT) sheep placentas throughout last two thirds gestation. We also examined expression levels major angiogenic factors their receptors CAR COT placentas. Although vascularity tissues increased continuously from Day 50 through 140 pregnancy, those at about twice instantaneous rate (i.e., proportionate increase/day) CAR. For CAR, 2-fold...

There is little debate that the health workforce a key component of care system. Since training doctors and nurses takes several years, building new schools even longer, projections are needed to allow for development policies. Our work develops projection model demand by Organisation Economic Co-operation Development (OECD) countries in year 2030. The based on country's services, which includes following factors: per capita income, out-of-pocket expenditures ageing its population. supply...

The High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth released its report to the United Nations Secretary-General in September 2016. It makes important recommendations that are based estimates of over 40 million new health sector jobs by 2030 mostly high- middle-income countries a needs-based shortage 18 million, low- countries. This paper shows how these key findings were developed, global policy dilemmas they raise, relevant solutions. Regression analysis is used produce...

Abnormal placental development limits success in ruminant pregnancies derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), due to reduction placentome number and consequently, maternal/fetal exchange. In the primary stages of an epithelial-chorial association, interface is characterized by progressive endometrial invasion specialized trophoblast binucleate/giant cells (TGC). We hypothesized that dysfunctional placentation SCNT results aberration expression genes known be necessary for...

In vitro transfection of cultured cells combined with nuclear transfer currently is the most effective procedure to produce transgenic livestock. present study, bovine primary fetal fibroblasts were transfected a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter transgene and used as donor in oocyte reconstructions. Because cell synchronization protocols are less after transfection, activated oocytes may be more suitable hosts for transfer. To examine role host cytoplasm on expression developmental...

Female aging entails a decline in fertility mammals, manifested by reduced oocyte reserves and poor quality accompanied chromosomal anomalies litter size. In addition to compromised genetic integrity, recent studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may be altered oocytes, with age affecting the expression of DNA methyltransferases, which catalyze important modification, methylation. Loss methylation patterns, most notably for imprinted genes, is lethal mouse embryos. To investigate how...

California has heavily concentrated hospital, physician, and health insurance markets, but their current structure functioning is not well understood. We assessed consolidation trends performed an analysis of "hot spots"—markets that potentially warrant concern scrutiny by regulators in terms both horizontal concentration (such as hospital-hospital mergers) vertical integration (hospitals' acquisition physician practices). In 2016, seven counties were high on all six measures used our...

Using prices of hospital admissions and visits to five types physicians, we analyzed how provider insurer market concentration—as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)—interact are correlated with prices. We found evidence that in range Department Justice's Federal Trade Commission's definition a moderately concentrated (HHI 1,500–2,500), insurers have bargaining power reduce highly markets. In particular, admission were 5 percent lower cardiologist, radiologist,...

Abstract Objective To assess whether differences in income between male and female physicians vary according to the sex composition of physician practices. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting US national survey salaries, 2014-18. Participants 18 802 from 9848 group practices (categorized proportion ≤50%, >50-75%, >75-90%, >90%). Main outcome measures Sex relation after multivariable adjustment for specialty, years experience, hours worked, clinical workload, practice...

To examine the impact of "cross-market" hospital mergers on prices and quality extent to which serial acquisitions contribute any measured effects. 2009-2017 commercial claims from Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI) measures Hospital Compare. Event study models in treated group consisted hospitals that acquired further than 50 miles, control was were not part merger activity (as a target or acquirer) during period. We extracted data for 214 955 hospitals. Six years after acquisition,...

The delineation of cis-acting elements regulating stage-specific gene expression has played a critical role in the definition transcriptional circuitry differentiation. In complex tissues such as central nervous system, differentiation often requires temporally and spatially dynamic epigenetic cues that cannot be reproduced cell culture. these cases, identification regulatory sequences subsequent characterization cognate transcription factors have been limited by lack rapid efficient assay...

Antiluteolytic actions of bovine interferon-tau (bIFN-τ) require suppression prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) production. Our objective was to test whether bIFN-τ could block PGF2α production and synthesis phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes induced by a protein kinase C (PKC) stimulator (phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate; PDBu). Bovine endometrial epithelial (BEND) cells were treated with PDBu in the presence or absence bIFN-τ. Medium samples analyzed for concentrations PGF2α,...

The low efficiency observed in cloning by nuclear transfer is related to an aberrant gene expression following errors epigenetic reprogramming. Recent studies have focused on further understanding of the modifications that take place chromatin embryos during preimplantation period, through use modifying agents. goal these identify factors involved reprogramming and adjust vitro manipulations order better mimic vivo conditions. Therefore, proper knowledge necessary prevent possible improve...

Recent increases in market concentration among health plans, hospitals, and medical groups raise questions about what impact such mergers are having on costs to consumers. We examined the of growth insurance premiums between 2014 2015 two Affordable Care Act state-based Marketplaces: Covered California NY State Health. measured plan, hospital, group using well-known Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) used a multivariate regression model relate these measures premium growth. Both states...

Although hospital consolidation within markets has been well documented, across not, even though economic theory predicts—and evidence is emerging—that cross-market systems raise prices by exerting market power when negotiating with common customers (primarily insurers). This study analyzes using the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database and defines geographic as commuting zones that link workers to places of employment. The share community hospitals in US were part increased...

Single proteins, when analyzed with 2-D-PAGE, often show multiple spots due to PTMs. In gels of human body fluids, the spot patterns facilitate assignment and identification proteins. We serums from patients congenital disorders glycosylation (CDG) in which glycoproteins are strongly impacted exhibit highly distinguishable compared healthy controls. detected a typical protein pattern for alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) transferrin (Trf) that markers CDG. AGP contains five sites results...

Background Acute respiratory illnesses with cough (ARIwC) are predominant causes of morbidity in Australian Indigenous children however data on disease burden urban communities scarce. This study aimed to determine the incidence ARIwC, predictors recurrent (≥4 episodes) ARIwC and development chronic following an urban, predominantly Indigenous, aged 4 weeks. Children who developed were reviewed by a pediatric pulmonologist. Incidence densities per child-month observation calculated evaluated...

Physician practices are increasingly being acquired by hospitals and health systems. Despite evidence that this type of vertical integration is profitable for hospitals, the association between these acquisitions incomes physicians in unknown. We combined national survey data on physician practice ownership with income to examine whether hospital or system was associated differences during 2014-18. During study period, increased 89.2 percent, from 24.1 percent 45.6 all our sample. Among...

The objectives of this study were to evaluate intestinal cellularity and vascularity in mature ewes response dietary restriction pregnancy status quantify the these variables increased nutrient demand fetal growth. In Exp. 1, 28 Dorset × crossbred white-faced (61.6 ± 1.8 kg initial BW) fed a pelleted, forage-based diet. Treatments arranged 2 3 factorial, with (60% vs. 100% maintenance for respective states pregnancy) (nonpregnant, NP; d 90 130) as main effects. Dietary treatments initiated...