Two-photon microscopy is used to image neuronal activity, but has severe limitations for studying deeper cortical layers. Here, we developed a custom three-photon microscope optimized vertical column of the cerebral cortex > 1 mm in depth awake mice with low (<20 mW) average laser power. Our measurements physiological responses and tissue-damage thresholds define pulse parameters safety limits damage-free imaging. We functional visual neurons expressing GCaMP6s across all layers primary (V1)...

Background The present study examined whether the very low frequency (VLF) power of heart rate variability (HRV) is predictive clinical prognosis in patients with congestive failure (CHF). Method and Results recruited 54 consecutive CHF emergency admission because exacerbation pulmonary congestion. Holter monitoring was performed after improvement components HRV were calculated domain (VLF, (LF), high (HF), total (TP) ratio LF to HF power). left ventricular ejection fraction calculated,...

Although cholinergic innervation of the cortex by nucleus basalis (NB) is known to modulate cortical neuronal responses and instruct plasticity, little about underlying cellular mechanisms. Using cell-attached recordings in vivo, we demonstrate that electrical stimulation NB, paired with visual stimulation, can induce significant potentiation excitatory neurons primary mice. We further show vivo two-photon calcium imaging, ex whole-cell this pairing-induced mediated direct activation...

Multiple hypothalamic neuronal populations that regulate energy balance have been identified. Although glia exist in abundance and form intimate structural connections with neurons, their roles homeostasis are less known. Here we show selective Ca2+ activation of the mouse arcuate nucleus (ARC) reversibly induces increased food intake while disruption signaling pathway ARC reduces intake. The specific enhances activity agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY)-expressing neurons but...

In reversal learning tasks, the behavior of humans and animals is often assumed to be uniform within single experimental sessions facilitate data analysis model fitting. However, agents can display substantial variability in sessions, as they execute different blocks trials with transition dynamics. Here, we observed that a deterministic task, mice noisy sub-optimal choice transitions even at expert stages learning. We investigated two sources sub-optimality behavior. First, found exhibit...

CHD mortality is extremely low in Japan, particularly rural districts, when compared with that Western countries. This has been partly attributed to the difference dietary lifestyle. We investigated factors influencing a coastal district of comprising mercantile, farming, and fishing areas distinct habits. prospectively examined incidence from 1994 1998, as well coronary risk serum fatty acid concentrations. The angina pectoris was significantly ( P =0·01) lower area than mercantile farming...

In making sense of the visual world, brain's processing is driven by two factors: physical information provided eyes (“bottom-up” data) and expectancies past experience (“top-down” influences). We use degraded stimuli to tease apart effects bottom-up top-down processes because they are easier recognize with prior knowledge undegraded images. Using machine learning algorithms, we quantify amount that brain regions contain about as subject learns coherent Our results show several distinct...

The brain uses attention and expectation as flexible devices for optimizing behavioral responses associated with expected but unpredictably timed events. neural bases of are thought to engage higher cognitive loci; however, their influence at the level primary visual cortex (V1) remains unknown. Here, we asked whether single-neuron in monkey V1 were influenced by an task unpredictable duration. Monkeys covertly attended a spot that remained unchanged fixed period then abruptly disappeared...

We studied whether the dorsal division of medial superior temporal area (MSTd) in macaque has activity related to structure-from-motion (SFM) processing. As simplest form three-dimensional (3D) structure, we chose a planar stimulus and examined relation between neural responses simulated 3D orientation plane defined by motion cues. recorded from 114 MSTd neurons while monkeys were performing visual fixation task. These responded basic set optic flow patterns such as translation,...

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for development of coronary artery disease (CAD), however, several reports have suggested that low serum cholesterol associated with worse prognosis in patients congestive heart failure (CHF). The objective this study was to determine the prognostic value CHF. subjects consisted 133 consecutive hospitalized our institution progressive from April 2000 March 2003. Thirty-two percent had CAD. After improvement and discharge hospital, lipid profiles,...

An attenuated heart rate response to exercise, termed chronotropic incompetence (CI), has been reported be an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. We examined the change in autonomic function during exercise testing and correlated results with CI.Exercise using a bicycle ergometer was performed 172 patients who had no evidence cardiac disease. Chronotropic defined as failure achieve 85% age-predicted maximum rate, reserve <80%, or index <0.80. analysed relationship between CI...

We propose the PRDC (Pattern Representation based on Data Compression) scheme for media data analysis. is composed of two parts: an encoder that translates input into text and a set compressors to generate compression-ratio vector (CV). The CV used as feature data. By preparing media-specific encoders, becomes widely applicable. Analysis tasks - both categorization (class formation) recognition (classification) can be realized using CVs. After mathematical discussion realizability PRDC, wide...

Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes are often associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but it is not well known whether these have prognostic value. The present study retrospectively investigated 122 consecutive patients SAH caused by ruptured aneurysms. were classified based on the in-hospital outcome into 80 survivors and 42 nonsurvivors. In nonsurvivors, abnormalities observed 12-lead ECG arrival at hospital abnormal Q wave, ST depression, T wave inversion. score was defined as total...

Short-term fluctuations in sinus cycle length after a single ventricular premature complex (VPC) have attracted considerable interest and has been termed heart rate turbulence (HRT). The onset slope of HRT each reported to be independent powerful predictors clinical prognosis patients with myocardial infarction (MI), but there are no data available for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Thus the present study analyzed 2 variables determine their prognostic value HCM patients. Holter...

A rare recurrent chromosomal translocation, t(14;19)(q32;q13), has been identified in a variety of B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We report unique case CLL patient carrying both trisomy 12 and t(14;19) (q32;q13.1), whom t(11;14)(q13;q32) developed at relapse. The was 77-yr-old woman, her lymphoma cells presentation showed CD5(+), CD10(-), CD19(+), CD20(+)(dim), CD23(+), CD38(+), CD11c(+). At relapse, the patient's positive staining for cyclin D1 addition...

The emergence of oligoclonal bands (OB) has been reported in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) after stem cell transplantation (SCT) or successful chemotherapy. However, their clinical relevance remains unclear. We reviewed the records MM from January 2006 to May 2014. Treatment response was evaluated by International Working Group (IMWG) criteria. Serum immunofixation tests were performed at least every 3 months if patient achieved more than very good partial (VGPR). Free light chain...