Raffinose and its precursor galactinol accumulate in plant leaves during abiotic stress. RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (RAFS) catalyzes raffinose formation by transferring a galactosyl group of to sucrose. However, whether RAFS contributes drought tolerance and, if so, what mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we report that expression from maize (or corn, Zea mays) (ZmRAFS) is induced drought, heat, cold, salinity stresses. We found zmrafs mutant plants completely lack hyper-accumulate are more...

SUMMARY Drought stress is one of the major constraints global crop production. Raffinose, a non‐reducing trisaccharide, has been considered to regulate positively plant drought tolerance; however, evidence that augmenting raffinose production in leaves results enhanced tolerance lacking. The biochemical mechanism through which might act mitigate remains unidentified. ZmRAFS encodes Zea mays RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE, key enzyme transfers galactose from galactoside galactinol sucrose for...

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial for seed germination and abiotic stress tolerance. However, the association between ABA sensitivity tolerance remains largely unknown. In this study, 436 rice accessions were assessed their to during germination. considerable diversity in among germplasm was primarily reflected by differentiation Xian (indica) Geng (japonica) subspecies upland-Geng lowland-Geng ecotypes. most sensitive ABA. Genome-wide analyses identified four major...

Summary Raffinose is thought to play an important role in plant tolerance of abiotic stress. We report here that maize HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A2 (Zm HSFA 2) and BINDING PROTEIN 2 HSBP physically interact with each other antagonistically modulate expression GALACTINOL SYNTHASE ( Zm GOLS ) raffinose biosynthesis transformed protoplasts Arabidopsis plants. Overexpression increased the At 1 , RS 5 RAFFINOSE ), content leaves enhanced heat stress tolerance. Contrary overexpression decreased reduced...

Abstract Raffinose accumulation is positively correlated with plant chilling stress tolerance; however, the understanding of function and regulation raffinose metabolism under remains in its infancy. RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (RAFS) key enzyme for biosynthesis. In this study, we report that two independent maize (Zea mays) zmrafs mutant lines, which was completely abolished, were more sensitive to their net photosynthetic product (total soluble sugars starch) significantly decreased compared...

SUMMARY DREB1A, a pivotal transcription factor, has long been known to regulate plant abiotic stress tolerance. However, its role in biotic tolerance and the underlying mechanisms have remained mystery. Our research reveals that maize ZmDREB1A gene is up‐regulated seedlings when plants are infected by Rhizoctonia solani ( R. ). The knock‐out mutant exhibits increased disease resistance against pathogen . Further investigation showed regulates salicylic acid (SA) metabolism inhibiting ZmSARD1...

Transcription factor DREB1A positively regulates plant chilling stress tolerance. However, its role in regulating seed germination at low temperatures has remained a mystery. Our research unveiled that maize zmdreb1a mutant seeds exhibit decreased ZmMIPS2 expression and lower percentage than the control under temperatures. The overexpression of ZmDREB1A upregulated expression, while mutation DRE motifs promoter nullified influence on target gene expression. In addition, we demonstrated...

Summary Seed aging tolerance and rapid seedling growth are important agronomic traits for crop production; however, how these controlled at the molecular level remains largely unknown. The unaged seeds of two independent maize DEHYDRATION‐RESPONSIVE ELEMENT‐BINDING2A mutant ( zmdreb2a ) lines, with decreased expression GRETCHEN HAGEN3.2 ZmGH3.2 , encoding indole‐3‐acetic acid [IAA] deactivating enzyme), increased IAA in their embryo, produced longer shoots roots, than null segregant (NS)...

GALACTINOL SYNTHASE (GOLS) acts on UDP‐galactose and myo ‐inositol to form galactinol. The production of galactinol is thought be the committed step in biosynthesis raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), a group carbohydrates hypothesized play number roles plant development. Three cDNAs for maize ( Zea mays L. inbred line B73) GOLS ZmGOLS ) were identified from Pioneer Hi‐Bred expressed sequence database. recombinant proteins these synthesize Transcript amounts developing germinating...

MRP2 (ABCC2), a member of the ATP binding cassette superfamily efflux transporters that mediates apical organic anions from hepatocytes, enterocytes, and renal epithelial cells, is postulated to undergo post-transcriptional regulation. The 5′-untranslated region (5′UTR) contains seven upstream start codons six open reading frames (uORFs). Ribonuclease protection assays in human liver, placenta, kidney, small intestine, HepG2 cells identified multiple <i>MRP2</i> transcription initiation...

Background Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2) mediates the biliary excretion of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates endobiotics xenobiotics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) MRP2 contribute to interindividual variability in drug disposition ultimately response. Objectives To characterize transport function human wild-type (WT) four SNP variants, S789F, A1450T, V417I, T1477M. Methods The variants were expressed Sf9 cells using recombinant baculovirus...

Doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity is associated with the Gly671Val (G671V; rs45511401) variant of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Doxorubicin redox cycling causes lipid peroxidation and generation reactive electrophile, 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE). Glutathione forms conjugates HNE, yielding an MRP1 substrate, GS-HNE, whose intracellular accumulation can cause toxicity.We established stable HEK293 cell lines overexpressing wild-type (HEKMRP1), G671V (HEKG671V),...

Abstract Background Lactation increases energy demands four- to five-fold, leading a two- three-fold increase in food consumption, requiring proportional adjustment the ability of lactating dam absorb nutrients and synthesize critical biomolecules, such as cholesterol, meet dietary needs both offspring dam. The size hydrophobicity bile acid pool during lactation, implying an increased absorption disposition lipids, sterols, nutrients, xenobiotics. In order investigate changes at...

Raffinose, an oligosaccharide found in many seeds, plays important role seed vigor; however, the regulatory mechanism governing raffinose biosynthesis remains unclear. We report here that maize W22 wild type (WT) but not viviparous1 (zmvp1) mutant start accumulating galactinol and 28 days after pollination (DAP). Transcriptome analysis of zmvp1 embryo showed expression GALACTINOL SYNTHASE2 (GOLS2) was down-regulated relative to WT. Further experiments ZmGOLS2 up-regulated by ZmABI5 ZmVP1, it...

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulate in many developing seeds and are degraded during seed germination. However, acidic α-galactosidase (AGAL) activity subcellular location do not correlate with raffinose depletion; alkaline α-galactosidases (AGA) may be responsible for RFO hydrolysis germinating seeds. Three cDNA clones AGA / SEED IMBIBITION PROTEIN were obtained from the Pioneer Hi-Bred maize expressed sequence database. Two of Escherichia coli , recombinant proteins, when...

Accumulation of transcript from three maize ( Zea mays L. inbred line B73) GALACTINOL SYNTHASE ZmGOLS ) genes in abscised developing seeds and callus before after stress was examined. Previous work showed that ZmGOLS3 predominates during seed development, whereas ZmGOLS2 accumulates when triggered by certain stresses following imbibition. Abscission stimulated accumulation immature kernels. This enhanced increasing durations dehydration stress. In tissue, neither ZmGOLS1 nor detected...

The application of the luxCDABE operon bioluminescent bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens as a reporter has been published for bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. We report here optimization fused luxAB (the bacterial luciferase heterodimeric enzyme) expression, quantum yield its gene in plant protoplasts. was mutated by error prone PCR or chemical mutagenesis screened enhanced activity utilizing decanal substrate. Positive mutants with superior were subsequently shuffled DNase I digestion...

Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and the bile acid pool size are increased 2 to 3-fold in lactating postpartum rats. We investigated interaction of nuclear receptors with Cyp7a1 proximal promoter expression regulatory signaling pathways rats at day 10 (PPd10) versus female controls identify mechanisms Cyp7a1, which is maximal 16 hours. Liver X receptor (LXRalpha) RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) recruitment chromatin were 1.5- 2.5-fold, respectively, hours on PPd10. Expression farnesoid...