An incomplete understanding of stalk strength and lodging impedes efforts to improve maize ( Zea mays L.) production. To develop a more complete strength, the current study examined effect morphology on bending strength. A detailed geometric analysis was conducted five varieties dent corn sown at planting densities in two replicates each locations near Greenville, IA, 2013. Stalks were imaged using high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography, morphological features quantified customized...

Stalk lodging in maize results substantial yield losses worldwide. These could be prevented through genetic improvement. However, breeding efforts and genetics studies are hindered by lack of a robust economical phenotyping method for assessing stalk resistance. A field-based platform that induces failure patterns consistent with natural events measures bending strength field-grown plants was recently developed. Here we examine the association between data gathered from this new counts...

Stalk lodging is the structural failure of crops due to external loading such as wind. Short-stature (i.e., dwarf) varieties wheat and rice have shown promise in reducing rates. However, similar dwarfing large gains like maize sorghum has typically been accompanied by undesirable commercial characteristics, including significantly decreased grain yields. The purpose this paper quantify relationship between resistance plant height better understand potential impact short-stature on...

ABSTRACT Stalk lodging is essentially a structural failure. It was therefore hypothesized that application of and forensic engineering principles would provide novel insights into the problem late‐season stalk maize ( Zea mays L.). This study presents results from failure analysis corn lodging, involving detailed inspection measurements lodged stalks multidimensional imaging to assess architecture based on principles. work involved in‐field observation >20 varieties in eight international...

ABSTRACT Weak stems or stalks in grass crop species increase the likelihood of stalk failure, thereby reducing yield. Three‐point bending tests are often employed selective breeding studies to characterize strength. However, it is hypothesized that loading setup used during three‐point experiments may significantly alter test results. To investigate this hypothesis, two different configurations were conducting corn (Zea mays L.) stalks. In first configuration, loaded and supported at nodes....

Late‐season stalk lodging in maize ( Zea mays L.) is a major agronomic problem that has far‐reaching economic ramifications. More rapid advances resistance could be achieved through development of selective breeding tools are not confounded by environmental factors. It was hypothesized measurements flexural stiffness (a mechanical measurement inspired engineering beam theory) would stronger predictor strength than current technologies. Stalk stiffness, rind penetration and bending were...

The hypothetical ideal for maize (Zea mays) bioenergy production would be a no-waste plant: high-yielding, with silage that is easily digestible conversion to biofuel. However, increased digestibility typically associated low structural strength and propensity lodging. solution this dilemma may lie in our ability optimize morphology using tools from engineering. To investigate how material (tissue) geometric (morphological) factors influence stalk strength, detailed models of the were...

Stalk lodging is a serious challenge in the production of maize and sorghum. A comprehensive understanding will likely require accurate characterizations mechanical properties such plants. One most important for structural analysis bending modulus elasticity. The purpose this study was to measure elasticity dry, mature rind tissues using three different loading modes (bending, compression tensile), determine accuracy reliability each test method.The testing produced comparable elastic...

• Premise of the study: Reliable testing methodologies are a fundamental tenet scientific research. However, very little information is found in literature explaining how to accurately measure structural bending strength plant stems. It was hypothesized that most commonly employed loading configuration used experiments (placement anvil at an internodal region stem or stalk) may significantly alter test results and introduce errors measurements Methods: Four types mechanical tests were...

Stalk lodging (breakage of plant stems prior to harvest) is a major problem for both farmers and breeders. A limiting factor in addressing this the lack reliable method phenotyping stalk strength. Previous methods strength induce failure patterns different from those observed natural events. This paper describes new device field-based called "DARLING" (device assessing resistance grains). The DARLING apparatus consists vertical arm which connected horizontal footplate by hinge. operator...

Abstract Mechanical failure, known as lodging, negatively impacts yield and grain quality in crops. Limiting crop loss from lodging requires an understanding of the plant traits that contribute to lodging‐resistance. In maize, specialized aerial brace roots are reported reduce root lodging. However, their direct contribution biomechanics has not been measured. this manuscript, we use a non‐destructive field‐based mechanical test on plants before after removal roots. This precisely determines...

Intracranial cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid (ISF) flow solute transport have important clinical implications, but limited in vivo access to the brain interior leaves gaping holes human understanding of nature these neurophysiological phenomena. Models can address some gaps, only insofar as model inputs are accurate. We perform a sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo approach on lumped-parameter network ISF perivascular extracellular spaces murine brain. place bounds predictions given...

Abstract Plant mechanical failure (lodging) causes global yield losses of 7%−66% in cereal crops. We have previously shown that the above‐ground nodal roots (brace roots) maize are critical for anchorage. However, it is unknown how brace root phenotypes vary across genotypes and functional consequence this variation. This study quantifies contribution to anchorage, traits, plant height, lodging susceptibility 52 inbred lines. show anchorage varies among can be explained by architectural...

The chemical composition of grain stalks has been extensively studied and long assumed to have a major influence on stalk lodging. However, much less attention given the architecture (i.e. physical features anatomy morphology). We show in this study that is far more influential bending strength (a common measure lodging resistance) than composition. This insight was obtained through novel combination structural engineering principles plant-by-plant experimental design using two species...

Abstract Morphological factors significantly impact maize stalk strength, but no study has fully characterized the of shape on strength. This uses a data-driven and machine-learning modeling approach to characterize these relationships through comprehensive sensitivity analysis model inputs. Using 3D parameterized models gave higher level control than previous studies by adding more parameters, with increase dimensionality. The large dimensionality was greatly reduced via principal component...

Acoustic data has long been harvested in fundamental voice investigations since it is easily obtained using a microphone. However, acoustic signals alone do not reveal much about the complex interplay between sound waves, structural surface mechanical vibrations, and fluid flow involved phonation. Available high speed imaging techniques have over past ten years provided wealth of information deformation superior larynx during Time-resolved images inner structure deformable soft tissues are...

The compressional modulus of elasticity is an important mechanical property for understanding stalk lodging, but this rarely available thin-walled plant stems such as maize and sorghum because excised tissue samples from these plants are highly susceptible to buckling. purpose study was develop a testing protocol that provides accurate reliable measurements the compressive rind pith-filled stems. general approach relying upon standard methods practices much possible, while developing new...