The emergence of oscillations and synchrony among neurons the basal ganglia is a well-known characteristic Parkinson's disease. In this study we used intra-operative microelectrode recording to investigate interrelationship between these two phenomena in subthalamic nucleus (STN) 39 human disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. From recorded neuronal traces both spike trains their background activity were extracted, spectral characteristics evaluated. We have as marker...

Evidence indirectly implicates the amygdala as primary processor of emotional information used by cortex to drive appropriate behavioral responses stimuli. Taste provides an ideal system with which test this hypothesis directly, neurons in both basolateral (BLA) and gustatory (GC)—anatomically interconnected nodes system—code valence taste stimuli (i.e., palatability), firing rate that progress similarly through "epochs." The fact palatability-related appears one epoch earlier BLA than GC is...

Neural responses in many cortical regions encode information relevant to behavior: that necessarily changes as behavior with learning. Although such are reasonably theorized be related causation, the true nature of relationship cannot clarified by simple learning studies, which show primarily change experience. activity truly tracks (as opposed simply changing experience) will not only but also back when is extinguished. Here, we directly probed for this pattern, recording ensembles...

Abstract The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a major target for treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. Microelectrode recording (MER) used in many cases to identify the nucleus. A real‐time procedure identifying entry and exit points STN would improve outcome this targeting procedure. We normalized root mean square (NRMS) short (5 seconds) MER sampled signal estimated anatomical distance (EDT) as basis Electrode tip location was defined...

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-established therapy for patients with severe Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its mechanism of action still unclear. In this study we explored static and dynamic activation patterns basal ganglia (BG) during high-frequency macro-stimulation STN. Extracellular multi-electrode recordings were performed primates rendered parkinsonian using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Recordings preformed simultaneously...

The striatum is the main input structure of basal ganglia, integrating from cerebral cortex and thalamus, which modulated by midbrain dopaminergic input. Dopamine modulators, including agonists antagonists, are widely used to relieve motor psychiatric symptoms in a variety pathological conditions. Haloperidol, dopamine D2 antagonist, commonly multiple conditions abnormalities. This article reports effects haloperidol on activity three major striatal subpopulations: medium spiny projection...

The parabrachial nuclei of the pons (PbN) receive almost direct input from taste buds on tongue and control basic taste-driven behaviors. Thus it is reasonable to hypothesize that PbN neurons might respond tastes in a manner similar peripheral receptors, i.e., these responses be narrow relatively "dynamics free." On other hand, majority descends forebrain regions such as gustatory cortex (GC), which processes with "temporal codes" firing reflects first presence, then identity, finally...

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an intensively studied single-trial learning paradigm whereby animals are trained to avoid a that has been paired with malaise. Many factors influence the strength of learning; prominently among these novelty—the fact preexposure conditioned stimulus (CS) reduces its associability. The effect exposure tastes other than CS has, in contrast, received little investigation. Here, we exposed rats sodium chloride (N) and citric acid (C), either before or within...

The basolateral amygdala (BLA), the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), and gustatory cortex (GC) are involved in taste processing, memory formation conditioned aversion (CTA) learning, but their fine-temporal interactions that support these cognitive functions not well understood. We found of novel-taste CTA memories GC depend on a distinct late response (700-3000 ms) BLA projection neurons. In contrast, activity was essential for palatability-related behaviour coding prior to CTA....

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with prior radio‐frequency lesions in the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi, pallidotomy), whose symptoms have deteriorated, may be candidates for further invasive treatment such as subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Six pallidotomy (five unilaterally; one bilaterally) underwent bilateral STN DBS. The microelectrode recordings (MERs, used intraoperatively verification), ipsilateral and contralateral to pallidotomy, MERs from 11...

Acquiring new memories is a multistage process. Numerous studies have convincingly demonstrated that initially acquired are labile and stabilized only by later consolidation processes. These multiple phases of memory formation known to involve modification both cellular excitability synaptic connectivity, which in turn change neuronal activity at the single neuron ensemble levels. However, specific mapping between changes different organizational levels-the single-neuron, population...

The E4 allele of apolipoprotein (apoE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet exact manner in which apoE4 leads to development AD undetermined. Human and animal studies report that apoE4-related memory deficits appear earlier than clini cal manifestation, thus suggesting existence early, pre-pathological, impairments may later lead onset. While current research regards hippocampus as initial effected locus by apoE4, we presently investigate...

The E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, apoE4 may cause innate brain abnormalities before appearance AD-related neuropathology. Understanding these primary dysfunctions vital early detection AD and development therapeutic strategies. Recently we reported impaired extra-hippocampal memory in young mice, a deficit that was correlated with attenuated structural pre-synaptic plasticity cortical subcortical...

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is commonly indicated for symptomatic relief of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Despite the known improvement in motor scores, affective, cognitive, voice and speech functions might deteriorate following this procedure. Recent studies have correlated outcomes with intraoperative microelectrode recordings. However, there are no recording-based tools predictive values relating to long-term integrative non-motor symptoms. We conducted a retrospective...

Abstract Learning to associate malaise with the intake of novel food is critical for survival. Since poisoning may take hours affect, animals developed brain circuits transform current taste experience into a memory trace (TMT) and bridge this time lag. Ample studies showed that basolateral amygdala (BLA), nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) gustatory cortex (GC) are involved in TMT formation taste-malaise association. However, how dynamic activity across these regions during promotes...

In the published paper of Zaidel et al (2008), dashed lines in four figures 2-5) were corrupted. The publishers apologize for these errors, and reproduce corrected here, along with their legends. NRMS plot a trajectory. Each solid line represents calculated at discrete steps estimated distance to target (EDT) surgical vertical dashed, horizontal dotted indicate STN borders, normalized baseline mean NRMS, respectively. (A) A trajectory no prior pallidotomy. (B) ipsilateral (C) contralateral...

Abstract Acquiring new memories is a multi-stage process. Ample of studies have convincingly demonstrated that initially acquired are labile, and only stabilized by later consolidation processes. These multiple phases memory formation known to involve modification both cellular excitability synaptic connectivity, which in turn change neuronal activity at the single neuron ensemble levels. However, specific mapping between observed changes remains unknown. Here we address this unknown context...

ApoE4, the strongest genetic risk to Alzheimer's disease (AD), was so far mainly investigated in hippocampus. ApoE4 carriers already show early-life hippocampal anomalies which may prevent accurate characterization of effect on normal brain functioning. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) acquisition and extinction, a processes that does not require an intact hippocampus, tested expressing mice rats. Additionally, electrophysiological immunohistochemical procedures were preformed identify extra...

Abstract The E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, apoE4 may cause innate brain abnormalities before appearance AD related neuropathology. Understanding these primary dysfunctions vital early detection and development therapeutic strategies it. Recently we have shown impaired extra-hippocampal memory in young mice – a deficit that was correlated with attenuated structural pre-synaptic plasticity cortical...