Culex tarsalis Coquillett females were infected with the NY99 strain of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) and then incubated under constant temperatures 10-30 degrees C. At selected time intervals, transmission was attempted using an in vitro capillary tube assay. The median from imbibing infectious bloodmeal until transmitted WNV (median extrinsic incubation period, EIP50) estimated by probit analysis. By regressing EIP rate (inverse as a function temperature 14...

The ability of the invading NY99 strain West Nile virus (WNV) to elicit an elevated viremia response in California passerine birds was critical for effective infection Culex mosquitoes. Of bird species tested, Western scrub jays, Aphelocoma coerulescens, produced highest response, followed by house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, and sparrows, Passer domesticus. Most likely, few mourning, Zenaidura macroura, or common ground, Columbina passerine, doves no quail, Callipepla californica,...

Abstract Culex tarsalis Coquillett females were infected with the NY99 strain of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) and then incubated under constant temperatures 10–30°C. At selected time intervals, transmission was attempted using an in vitro capillary tube assay. The median from imbibing infectious bloodmeal until transmitted WNV (median extrinsic incubation period, EIP50) estimated by probit analysis. By regressing EIP rate (inverse as a function temperature 14...

West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) invaded southern California during 2003, successfully overwintered, amplified to epidemic levels, and then dispersed every county in the state. Although surveillance programs tracked measured these events, mechanisms that allowed efficient overwintering subsequent amplification of WNV have not been elucidated. Our current research provided evidence for three whereby may persisted winters 2003–2004 2004–2005: 1) continued enzootic...

3GPP LTE-V2X is a recent new cellular technology allowing direct communications between vehicles and any other stations. Its Sidelink mode 4 allows the scheduler to be fully distributed not requiring support from infrastructures, thus making this well fitted for V2X safety-related communications. Based on Listen-before-Talk (LBT) strategy, scheduler, however, remains subject performance degradation under increased channel load, requires wireless congestion control mechanisms. In work, we...

Cellular-vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is gaining an increasing interest among the technologies under consideration for future connected and automated vehicles, especially sidelink LTE-V2X Mode 4 5G-V2X 2, where nodes autonomously perform resource allocations transmissions, without relying on any infrastructure.In these cases, allocation process has been designed based assumption of periodic packet generation constrained to a few possible periods.Nevertheless, even assuming that awareness...

The ability of the invading NY99 strain West Nile virus (WNV) to elicit an elevated viremia response in California passerine birds was critical for effective infection Culex mosquitoes.Of bird species tested, Western scrub jays, Aphelocoma coerulescens, produced highest response, followed by house Þnches, Carpodacus mexicanus, and sparrows, Passer domesticus.Most likely, few mourning, Zenaidura macroura, or common ground, Columbina passerine, doves no quail, Callipepla californica, chickens...

West Nile virus (WNV) has remained epidemic in Kern County, CA, since its introduction 2004 through 2007 when the human case annual incidence increased from 6-8 to 17 per 100,000, respectively. The increase infection was associated with contradicting surveillance indicators, including severe drought, warm spring but cool summer temperature anomalies, decreased rural and urban mosquito abundance early season Culex quinquefasciatus Say, moderate avian "herd immunity," declines catch of...

Most V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) applications rely on broadcasting awareness messages known as CAM (Cooperative Awareness Messages) in ETSI or BSM (Basic Safety Message) SAE standards. A large number of studies have been devoted to guarantee their reliable transmission. However, date, the are generally based simplified data traffic models that generate at periodic intervals with a constant message size. These do not accurately represent real generation follow specific mobility-based rules....

Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) invaded southern California during 2003, successfully overwintered, amplified to epidemic levels, and then dispersed every county in the state. Although surveillance programs tracked measured these events, mechanisms that allowed efficient overwintering subsequent amplification of WNV have not been elucidated. Our current research provided evidence for three whereby may persisted winters 2003–2004 2004–2005: 1) continued...

A total of 27 bird species from the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys California were inoculated subcutaneously with sympatric strains western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses. Overall, 133 164 birds WEE virus developed a viremia detected by plaque assay; significantly greater than 72 163 SLE virus. Host competence was calculated as average number days that each avian had ≥2 log10 plaque-forming units per 0.1 ml, threshold for infecting susceptible Culex...

Since the invasion of California by West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) in 2003, we have annually monitored vector competence for NY99 strain Culex tarsalis Coquillett, pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, p. L., and stigmatosoma Dyar populations from four areas: deserts Coachella Valley, densely urbanized maritime Los Angeles, southern San Joaquin Valley Kern County, Sacramento near Davis County. Overall, Cx. was most competent species, followed complex. The median...

Temporal and spatial changes in the enzootic activity of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses were monitored at representative wetland study sites Coachella, San Joaquin, Sacramento valleys California from 1996 to 1998 using three methods: (1) virus isolation pools 50 host-seeking Culex tarsalis Coquillett females, (2) seroconversions flocks 10 sentinel chickens, (3) seroprevalence wild birds collected by mist nets grain baited traps. Overall, 74 WEE...

A new backward compatible WiFi amendment is under development by the IEEE bd Task Group towards so-called 802.11bd, which includes possibility to transmit up three repetitions of same packet. This feature increases time diversity and enables use maximum ratio combining (MRC) at receiver improve probability correct decoding. In this work, we first investigate packet repetition analyze how it looses its efficacy increasing traffic as an higher number transmissions may augment channel load...

Field-collected house finches of mixed sex and age were infected experimentally with either western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses during the summer fall 1998 maintained over winter under ambient conditions. To detect natural relapse spring, 32 birds bled weekly from February through June 1999, then necropsied 1 yr after infection to chronic infections using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After 10 mo, 13/14 surviving...

Journal Article Method of Infection Does Not Alter Response Chicks and House Finches to Western Equine Encephalomyelitis St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses Get access William K. Reisen, Reisen Arbovirus Research Unit, Center for Vector-Borne Disease Research, School Veterinary Medicine, University California, Davis, CA Search other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert E. Chiles, Chiles Laura D. Kramer, Kramer Vincent M. Martinez, Martinez Bruce F. Eldridge...

Since the invasion of California by West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) in 2003, we have annually monitored vector competence for NY99 strain Culex tarsalis Coquillett, pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, p. L., and stigmatosoma Dyar populations from four areas: deserts Coachella Valley, densely urbanized maritime Los Angeles, southern San Joaquin Valley Kern County, Sacramento near Davis County. Overall, Cx. was most competent species, followed complex. The median...

In the last few years, two technologies have been developed to enable direct exchange of information between vehicles. These technologies, currently seen as alternatives, are ITS-G5, commonly referred in Europe, and sidelink LTE-vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) (one solutions so-called cellular-V2X, C-V2X). For this reason, attention has mostly concentrated on comparing them remarking their strengths weaknesses motivate a choice. Differently, work we focus scenario where both used same area...

Inter- and intraspecific transfer of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) occurred infrequently when donor Culex tarsalis Coquillett fed concurrently on house finches with recipient quinquefasciatus Say Cx. tarsalis. Five six these had WNV in blood samples collected by jugular venipuncture 30-45 min postfeeding, titers ranging from 2.3 to 4.2 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml. After 2-wk incubation at 26 degrees C, three one 230 blood-fed recipients were infected,...

Gambel's and California quail were infected repeatedly whenever western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV), St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV), (WNV) West Nile active during summer in California. The timing of appearance infection coincided well with the chicks nature, leading us to hypothesize that large coveys containing these non-immune birds could be important focal amplification rural settings. However, experimental studies chicks, juveniles, adults both species using sympatric strains...

The vector competence of Culiseta incidens (Thomson) and Culex thriambus Dyar for West Nile virus (WNV) were compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus Say or tarsalis Coquillett stigmatasoma collected concurrently in California. less susceptible oral infection than quinquefasciatus, but transmitted at a significantly higher rate, thereby yielding comparable population transmission rates. was equally rates stigmatosoma. A mammalian host selection pattern most likely precluded detection natural Cs....

The hypothesis that Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae) may serve as a reservoir and vector of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) in California was tested by determining the ability this tick species to become infected with NY99 strain WNV while feeding on viremic song sparrows, maintain infection transstadially, then transmit recipient naive sparrows western fence lizards during nymphal stage. percentage ticks testing positive reverse...

Inter- and intraspecific transfer of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) occurred infrequently when donor Culex tarsalis Coquillett fed concurrently on house finches with recipient quinquefasciatus Say Cx. tarsalis. Five six these had WNV in blood samples collected by jugular venipuncture 30–45 min postfeeding, titers ranging from 2.3 to 4.2 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml. After 2-wk incubation at 26°C, three one 230 blood-fed recipients were infected, which was...

Direct communication between vehicles and surrounding objects, called vehicle-to-everything (V2X), is ready for the market promises to raise level of safety comfort while driving. To this aim, specific bands have been reserved in some countries worldwide different wireless technologies developed; however, these are not interoperable. Recently, issue co-channel coexistence has raised, leading European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) propose a number solutions, mitigation...

Immunosuppression of house finches was attempted by blood feeding Culex tarsalis Coquillett mosquitoes or injecting birds with the corticosteroid dexamethasone immunosuppressant drug cyclophosphamide before and after inoculation western equine encephalomyelitis St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Mosquito bites (8–37 females on each bird over a 3-d period) did not enhance viremia response increase frequency chronic infection. In contrast, enhanced amplitude duration response, but had no...