We examined the relationship between levels of household firearm ownership, as measured directly and by a proxy-the percentage suicides committed with firearm-and age-adjusted homicide rates at state level.We conducted negative binomial regression analysis panel data from Centers for Disease Control Prevention's Web-Based Injury Statistics Query Reporting Systems database on gun ownership across all 50 states during 1981 to 2010. determined fixed effects year, accounted clustering within...

Nicotine is widely recognized as an addictive psychoactive drug. Since most smokers are bio-behaviorally addicted, quitting can be very difficult and often accompanied by withdrawal symptoms. Research indicates that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) double quit rates. However, the success rate for remains low. E-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) battery-powered delivery devices used to inhale doses of vaporized from a handheld device similar in shape cigarette without harmful chemicals...

<h3>Background</h3> The role of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in product transitions has been debated. <h3>Methods</h3> We used nationally representative data from the Population Assessment Tobacco and Health Study waves 1 (2013–2014) 2 (2014–2015) to investigate associations between e-cigarette initiation cigarette cessation/reduction USA. limited sample current smokers aged 25+ years who were not users at wave 1. modelled 30-day cessation substantial reduction consumption as a...

Racial disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality have been well-documented. However, there may also be racial vaccination rates which, if present, would further exacerbate the existing disparities. No previously published articles identified quantified potential throughout USA at any geography lower than national level.Using data compiled from state health departments, we calculated for Black Hispanic populations compared to White population each state. We explored relationship between...

The Context Interchange strategy presents a novel perspective for mediated data access in which semantic conflicts among heterogeneous systems are not identified priori, but detected and reconciled by context mediator through comparison of contexts axioms corresponding to the engaged exchange. In this article, we show that queries formulated on shared views, export schema, “ontologies” can be same way using framework . proposed provides logic-based object-oriented formalsim representing...

Large organizations need to exchange information among many separately developed systems. In order for this be useful, the individual systems must agree on meaning of their exchanged data. That is, organization ensure semantic interoperability . This paper provides a theory values as unit that facilitates betweeen heterogeneous We show how can either stored explicitly or defined by environments A system architecture is presented allows autonomous components share values. The key component in...

The authors test the hypotheses that parameters of advertising sensitivity for adolescents are significant and perhaps larger than those adults. Cigarette brand shares voice found to be significantly related realized market shares, with being about three times among teenagers This result is robust various analytic assumptions converges strategic analysis, consumer behavior theory research, econometric metanalyses, historical corporate documents. argue cigarette competition between firms...

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study examined the effect of tobacco marketing on progression to established smoking. METHODS: Massachusetts adolescents (n = 529) who at baseline had smoked no more than 1 cigarette were reinterviewed by telephone in 1997. Analyses receptivity smoking, controlling for significant covariates. RESULTS: Adolescents who, baseline, owned a promotional item and named brand whose advertisements attracted their attention twice as likely become smokers (odds ratio 2.70)...

OBJECTIVES: We examined the impact of a statewide antismoking media campaign on progression to established smoking among Massachusetts adolescents. METHODS: conducted 4-year longitudinal survey 592 youths, aged 12 15 years at baseline in 1993. effect exposure television, radio, and outdoor advertisements (defined as having smoked 100 or more cigarettes), using multiple logistic regression controlling for age; sex; race; status; by parents, friends, siblings; television viewing; messages not...

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the relative exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for bar and restaurant employees compared with office nonsmokers exposed in home (part 1) whether this is contributing an elevated lung cancer risk these 2). <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —MEDLINE bibliographies from identified publications. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —In part 1, published studies of indoor air quality were included if they reported a mean concentration carbon monoxide, nicotine, or particulate...

For more than three decades, public policy makers and health officials have had conclusive evidence of the hazards tobacco use, yet products remain legal, accessible, acceptable in our society. Public advocates been unable to develop a consistent, coordinated message powerful enough combat influence industry. Studying way which issue has framed mass media over past decade may provide important clues as why efforts overcome industry's on use not entirely successful. This paper describes...

To describe a new database containing detailed annual information on firearm-related laws in place each of the 50 US states from 1991 to 2016 and summarize key trends during this time period.Using Thomson Reuters Westlaw data access historical state statutes session laws, we developed indicating presence or absence 133 provisions firearm over 26-year period. These covered 14 aspects policies, including regulation process by which transfers take place, ammunition, possession, storage,...

To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted total suicide across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013.We used panel data for that included annual overall gender-specific a proxy household ownership. We analyzed by using linear regression generalized estimating equations account clustering.State-level was associated with an increase in both male female firearm-related decrease nonfirearm-related rates. Higher gun higher any means...

To prevent intimate partner homicide (IPH), some states have adopted laws restricting firearm possession by violence (IPV) offenders. "Possession" prohibit the of firearms these "Relinquishment" and also explicitly require offenders to surrender their firearms. Few studies assessed effect policies.To study association between state IPV-related IPH rates over a 25-year period (1991 2015).Panel study.United States, 1991 2015.Homicides committed partners, as identified in Federal Bureau...

ABSTRACT Concerns have been raised that the advent of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) may be harmful to public health, and smokers advised by important agencies such as US Food Drug Administration not use them. This paper argues that, while more research is needed on cost–benefit equation these products appropriate level type regulation for them, harms tended thus far overstated relative potential benefits. In particular: concern over repeated inhalation propylene glycol borne out...

<h3>Importance</h3> Firearms caused more than 500 pediatric fatalities in 2017—a 50% increase from 2009. Laws regulating firearms are one approach to reducing firearm fatalities. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the association between state child access prevention (CAP) laws and <h3>Design, Setting, Participants</h3> A state-level, cross-sectional study of CAP throughout United States, 1991-2016, was conducted using negative binomial regression analyze differences fatality rates children aged...

While the increased burden of COVID-19 among Black population has been recognized, most attempts to quantify extent this racial disparity have not taken age distribution into account. In paper, we determine Black-White in mortality rates across 35 states using direct standardization. We then explore relationship between structural racism and differences magnitude states.Using data from Centers for Disease Control Prevention, calculated both crude age-adjusted non-Hispanic White populations...