Increasing pressures on freshwater supplies, continuity of supply uncertainties, and costs linked to legislative compliance, such as for wastewater treatment, are driving water use reduction up the agenda manufacturing businesses. A survey is presented current analysis methods tools generally available industry analyze environmental impact of, manage, use. These include life cycle analysis, footprinting, strategic planning, auditing, process integration. It identified that surveyed do not...

Abstract In the present work, mechanical properties of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) ( PHEMA ) such as ultimate strength, strain and shear modulus under compression were measured. Mathematical models for hyperelastic materials, which are often used to study rubbers or tyres include Mooney–Rivlin neo‐Hookean models, also theoretically analyse nonlinear behaviour hydrogel. The simulations based on these then implemented validated by analysis with experimental data comparison. accuracy...

Abstract An evaluation of transient photocurrent (TPC) and modulated (MPC) spectroscopies as a means studying the density capture properties localized states in amorphous semiconductors is presented. Freauency-domain analysis TPC data via discrete Fourier transform (TPC FT) permits direct comparison with MPC obtained using conventional lock-in techniaues to be made. Results from undoped hydrogenated silicon over wide range temperatures optical excitations are used explore limits resolution...

We report changes in variable-energy positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements on undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films after light soaking. The change, seen predominantly the high momentum band of radiation, is not reversed by thermal annealing. suggest, following recent models Staebler-Wronski effect, that exposure induces hydrogen trapped vacancylike defects to become mobile Si network. observations place constraints motion fitting macroscopic effect kinetics and may help...

After a multiyear planning process, the Vin McLoughlin Colloquium on Epistemology of Improving Quality convened 12–16 April 2010 at Cliveden, near London, England. This supplement offers an insight into preparation for meeting, thinking that went it and implications work. In 1982, W Edwards Deming suggested complementary knowledge domains were important in improving quality.1 Taking healthcare, Batalden Stoltz later traditional improvement was driven by intellectual disciplines differed...

This work investigates the use of a commercial optical product monitor to achieve in-line real-time water content analysis. Test fluids were used and measurements attenuation light intensity at four colours made. These identify any relationship between these quality parameters turbidity colour. Variation in for turbidities up 1700 NTU was successfully resolved by instrument, with data ≥ 20 fitting well Beer-Lambert model. The sensor also able clearly effect filtering out suspended solids...

Isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs) and inks are seen as suitable candidates for interconnecting components printed circuits. Silver (Ag) filled ICAs the most popular due to their high conductivity good reliability. However, price of Ag is a significant issue wider exploitation these materials in low cost, volume applications such electronics. Copper (Cu) considered more cost-effective filler with greater abundance. one major barriers implementation Cu loaded poor oxidation resistance...

To trial the concept of in-plant real-time manufacturing water content characterisation, a commercial optical system for measuring light absorption and backscatter intensity was used with samples food industry wastewater, results compared conventional laboratory based analysis. It is shown that instrumentation capable coping range turbidities presented by wastewater there some correlation between measurements parameters COD TSS. suggested combining data may provide an fingerprint effluent...

Polycrystalline aluminium oxide and nitride sleds were machined using a CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> laser to explore the capability of method produce passive alignment assembly features for use in optoelectronic assemblies. The geometry surface texture surfaces characterised found be limited by ablation method. Consequently, KrF excimer was utilised trials bulk machining ceramics but observed also restricted its...

Conformal coatings are widely used on circuit board assemblies as an attempt to improve reliability and ensure high insulation impedances, which for example demanded by low current consumption battery operated RF circuitry. However, components, such small ceramic capacitors, have occasionally been found fail in some applications, particularly when covered with a thick silicone conformal coating. This is thought be due the diffusion of water through coating capacitor surface where it then...

Purpose Microfluidic or “lab‐on‐a‐chip” technology is seen as a key enabler in the rapidly expanding market for medical point‐of‐care and other kinds of portable diagnostic device. The purpose this paper to discuss two proposed packaging processes large‐scale manufacture microfluidic systems. Design/methodology/approach In first process, polymer overmoulding chip used form fluidic manifold integrated with device single step. anticipated advantages method are ease assembly low part count....

The exponential growth in worldwide production and consumption of electronics, the short operational lifespan many products, has resulted increasing amounts electronics waste. There is enormous pressure on electronic product manufacturers to reduce materials their subsequent impact environment, especially at end-of-life, through such measures as EU Directive Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Ideally any should be separable into its constituent parts end life for reuse, recycling...

This paper reports the development of a real-time inline Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) detection technique in beverage manufacturing plant England and evaluation its capability for dynamic Water Footprint (WF) management. The employed Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy Moving Window Partial Least Squares (mwPLS), which was then applied to calculating Grey WF production activities plant, referred here as WFrt. A traditional offline COD measurement method also utilised calculation, act...

A new packaging method for microfluidic devices is proposed of polymer over-molding to form a fluidic manifold integrated with the device in single step. The anticipated advantages are ease assembly and low part count, making it suitable cost high volume manufacturing. This paper reports results preliminary investigation into this concept. Glass silicon inserts 25 times 20 mm size, used represent devices, were over-molded an injection molding process range polymers. found survive intact....