The origin of the domestic dog from wolves has been established, but number founding events, as well where and when these occurred, is not known. To address questions, we examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation among 654 dogs representing all major populations worldwide. Although our data indicate several maternal origins wolf, >95% sequences belonged to three phylogenetic groups universally represented at similar frequencies, suggesting a common single gene pool for...

Adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) have been used to prevent treat influenza A virus infections for many years; however, resistance these drugs has widely reported in the world. To investigate frequency distribution of M2 gene mutations adamantane-resistant variants circulated world between 1902 2013, 31251 available protein sequences from different HA-subtype viruses (H1–H17) were analyzed adamantane resistance-associated compared (L26F, V27A, A30T, A30V, S31N, G34E, L38F). We find...

Human infection with avian influenza A H5N1 viruses can cause severe diseases high mortality rate and continues to pose a significant threat global public health. Rapid diagnosis is needed for identifying the types of making timely treatment decisions. Here, we demonstrate absolute quantification H5-subtype by digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP) on our recently developed cross-interface emulsification (XiE) method. Our results show that XiE-based dLAMP highly specific...

H9N2 influenza A viruses have become established worldwide in terrestrial poultry and wild birds, are occasionally transmitted to mammals including humans pigs. To comprehensively elucidate the genetic evolutionary characteristics of viruses, we performed a large-scale sequence analysis 571 viral genomes from NCBI Influenza Virus Resource Database, representing spectrum isolated 1966 2009. Our study provides panoramic framework for better understanding genesis evolution describing history...

To trace the source of avian H7N9 viruses, we collected 99 samples from 4 live poultry markets and family farms 3 patients in Hangzhou city Zhejiang province, China. We found that almost all positive came chickens ducks markets. These results strongly suggest are major recent human infections with city, province Therefore, control measures needed, not only domestic bird population, but also to reduce infection risk.

Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp) and nuclear IRBP (1152 genes were used to assess evolutionary history Apodemus, using complete set Asian species. Our results indicate that speciation in Asia involved three radiations, which supports an earlier study. The initial radiation yielded A. argenteus (Japanese endemic), gurkha (Nepalese ancestral lineage remaining This subsequently diverged into four groups: agrarius-chevrieri (agrarius group), draco-latronum-semotus (draco...

Abstract Background Susceptibility or resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes correlates Selenium (Se) deficiency in response infection. Results Se-deficient mouse models of listeriosis were used study the innate immune during course L. Blood samples from for Se status. The concentration MDA, SOD, GPx and CAT blood has revealed that lower level exist mice. Intestine, mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen brain each bacterial burden organs. analysis cell types mice ability host...

Abstract The recent increase in infectious disease outbreaks has been directly linked to the global loss of biodiversity and decline some endangered species populations. Between December 2014 March 2015, five captive giant pandas died due canine distemper virus (CDV) infection China. CDV taken a heavy toll on tigers lions years. Here, we describe first gut microbiome diversity study CDV-infected pandas. By investigating influence bacterial communities infected uninfected individuals...

H9N2 influenza A viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds Asia, are occasionally transmitted to humans pigs. To evaluate the role black-billed magpies (Pica pica) evolution virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian Guangxi, China 2005 characterized three isolated magpie (BbM viruses). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BbM were almost identical with 99.7 100% nucleotide homology their whole genomes, reassortants containing BJ94-like...

DNA templates were extracted from isolates of Sarcocystis hominis-like cysts collected cattle and water buffalo, as well fusiformis suihominis cysts. The 18S rRNA genes amplified using a single cyst the templates. Approximately 1,367–1,440 bp sequences obtained. sequence difference in buffaloes, S. hominis very low, only about 0.1%, much lower than lowest value (1.7%) among different species. Combined with their morphological structure, these data indicate that 4 buffalo might be same...

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is considered as an opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. Wild birds be potential vectors of C. around urban suburban areas. Here, 520 samples were collected from 33 wild bird species areas, Beijing. In total 57 isolated seven species. It was found Nineteen (33.33%, 19/57) isolates resistant to at least one 11 antibiotics, especially streptomycin (36.84%) four all. multi-drug resistance. Multilocus...

Abstract Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has now been widely recognized as an economically important disease. The objective of this study was to compare the molecular biological characteristics porcine virus (PRRSV) field isolates in China those modified live (MLV) PRRS vaccine its parent strain (ATCC VR2332). Results Five genes (GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5 NSP2) seven PRRSV from China, designated LS-4, HM-1, HQ-5, HQ-6, GC-2, GCH-3 ST-7/2008, were sequenced analyzed....

H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza is a zoonotic disease that causes recurring endemics in East Asia. To date, at least 155 outbreaks have been reported China, including 15 human infection cases. The repeated increase the concern viruses may spill over to humans and cause pandemic. In February, 2016, some peafowls breeding farm suffered from contagious disease. Based on post-mortem examination, RT-PCR detection, virus isolation, we confirmed was causative agent, which named as A/Pavo...

Geomagnetic storms have a significant impact on Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere, as well the global atmospheric circuit. This study focuses investigating anomalous variations in vertical electric field at eight mid-latitude low-latitude stations during mega-geomagnetic storm 24 April 2023. The majority of observed increases, while only three nearby exhibited decreases. analysis revealed that changes ranged from 19 to 370 V/m, time differences between extreme values minimum Dst value 0...

DCG (Dynamic Code Generation) technologies have found widely applications in the Web 2.0 era, Dion Blazakis recently presented a Flash JIT-Spraying attack against Adobe Player that easily circumvented DEP and ASLR protection mechanisms built modern operating systems. We generalized extended JIT Spraying into Spraying. Based our analyses on this abstract model of Spraying, we all mainstream implementations (Java/ JavaScript/ Flash/ .Net/ SilverLight) are vulnerable attack, none existing ad...

Infections with lethal influenza viruses lead to acute lung injury (ALI) or respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may be related the activation of host's immune system. Here, in our study, male C57BL/6 mice were infected 10 LD50 H5N1 virus and treated geldanamycin oseltamivir 2 h after infection. Lung was assessed by histopathology on days 4 7. The viral load quantified measuring NP gene expression level 2, 4, Levels cytokines chemokines bronchoalveolar lavage fluids inflammatory cells...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to cause disorders, such as abortion, in pregnant sows well immunosuppressive complications, leading severe tract infections young pigs. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the miRNomes mock- virus-infected pig lungs was carried out. We found that highly expressed ssc-miR-30d-R_1 decreased infected lungs, reduced levels were significantly correlated with infection by PRRSV. Moreover, shown target Toll-like receptor 4...

H5N1 is a highly pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) and poses major threat to the public health. The nucleoprotein (NP) has multiple functions during viral life cycle, however, precise role of NP mutants in replication pathogenicity not completely understood. Here, we attempted identify five residues that may contribute or pathogenicity. Of these, K227R, K229R K470R viruses were successfully rescued by reverse genetic, but K91R K198R viable. mini-genome assay demonstrated mutations...

Infection with H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. But, some recent H5Nx subtype viruses could cause ducks. The variation between different species and the mechanisms by which death requires investigation identify key processes susceptibility pathogenesis. Here, we characterized two representative viruses, A/ Pavo cristatus /Jiangxi/JA1/2016 (JA1) Anas crecca /shanghai/SH1/2016 (SH1), compared their...