The photoreceptor phytochrome B (PHYB) and the homeodomain protein BEL5 are involved in response of potato tuber induction to photoperiod. However, whether they act same tuberization pathway is unknown. Here we show effect a microRNA, miR172, on this developmental event. miR172 levels higher under tuber-inducing short days than non-inductive long upregulated stolons at onset tuberization. Overexpression microRNA promotes flowering, accelerates moderately inductive photoperiods triggers...

Abstract Plant cystatins are inhibitors of cysteine-proteases the papain C1A and legumain C13 families. Cystatin data from multiple plant species have suggested that these act as defense proteins against pests pathogens regulators protein turnover. In this study, we characterize entire cystatin gene family barley (Hordeum vulgare), which contain 13 nonredundant genes, identify their target enzymes, cathepsin L-like proteases. Cystatins proteases were expressed purified Escherichia coli...

CONSTANS (CO) is involved in the photoperiodic control of plant developmental processes, including flowering several species and seasonal growth cessation bud set trees. It has been proposed that CO could also affect day-length regulation tuber induction Solanum tuberosum (potato), a great agricultural relevance. To address this question, we examined role potato. A potato CO-like gene, StCO, was identified found to be highly similar previously reported gene unknown function. Potato plants...

Significance Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain dose-dependent transcriptional regulation mediated by morphogen gradients in animal development. In plant development, on the other hand, that underlie modulation of gene expression not discovered, despite well-documented importance positional signals cell-fate specification. Here we show stem cell-promoting transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) regulates a concentration-dependent manner, activating at lower level and repressing...

Senescence-associated proteolysis in plants is a complex and controlled process, essential for mobilization of nutrients from old or stressed tissues, mainly leaves, to growing sink organs. Protein breakdown senescing leaves involves many plastidial nuclear proteases, regulators, different subcellular locations dynamic protein traffic ensure the complete transformation proteins high molecular weight into transportable useful hydrolysed products. Protease activities are strictly regulated by...

Plant legumains are cysteine proteinases putatively involved in processing endogenous proteins. Phytocystatins (PhyCys) have been described as plant inhibitors of papain‐like proteinases. Some PhyCys contain a carboxy terminal extension with an amino acid motif (SNSL) similar to that the inhibition legumain‐like proteins by human cystatins. The role these extended is here shown vitro legumain and activities from barley extracts. Moreover, site‐directed mutagenesis has demonstrated asparagine...

Significance The growing tips of plants maintain a constant number stem cells in shoot apical meristems despite continuous differentiation cell descendants. levels homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) determine the cells. Although has been demonstrated to move across cells, protein signatures that control nuclear and spatial patterning have remained elusive. We show transcriptional regulatory domains also influence WUS through nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning distribution DNA...

Proteolysis is an essential process throughout the mobilization of storage proteins in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains during germination. It involves numerous types enzymes, with C1A Cys proteases most abundant key players. Manipulation proteolytic machinery a potential way to enhance grain yield and quality, it could influence compounds along Transgenic plants silencing or over-expressing cathepsin F-like HvPap-1 protease show differential accumulation molecules such as starch, proteins,...

Plant proteases play a crucial role in many different biological processes along the plant life cycle. One of most determinant stages which are key protagonists is germination through hydrolysis and mobilization other proteins accumulated seeds cereal grains. The represented charge this cysteine group, including C1A family known as papain-like C13 also called legumains. In species such wheat, oat or rye, gluten very complex mixture grain storage proteins, may affect health sensitive...

Peptidases are key proteins involved in essential plant physiological processes. Although protein peptidase inhibitors molecules that modulate activity, their global presence different species remains still unknown. Comparative genomic analyses powerful tools to get advanced knowledge into the and evolution of both, peptidases across Viridiplantae kingdom. A comparative analysis several groups representative taxonomic has been performed. The results point out: i) clade-specific is common...

Protein breakdown and mobilization are some of the major metabolic features associated with abiotic stresses, essential for nutrient recycling plant survival. Genetic manipulation protease and/or inhibitors may contribute to modulate proteolytic processes responses. The expression analysis whole cystatin family, C1A cysteine proteases, after water deprivation in barley leaves highlighted involvement Icy-2 Icy-4 genes. Artificial microRNA lines independently silencing two drought-induced...

ABSTRACT Sesamia nonagrioides is one of the most damaging pests corn in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. Bt expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin being grown on about 58,000 ha Spain. Here we studied mode action this Cry protein S. (binding to specific receptors, stability binding, pore formation) modes proteins that were found be active work (Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Cry1Fa). Binding assays performed with 125 I- or biotin-labeled toxins larval brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV)....

Summary The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. elimination of cell layers the coat by programmed death ( PCD ) could provide nutrition to filial organs. Using barley Hordeum vulgare L.) as a model, we elucidated role vacuolar processing enzyme 4 VPE 4) cereals using an RNA i approach targeting enzymatic properties recombinant protein. A comparative characterization transgenic versus wild‐type plants included transcriptional...

Summary Symbiotic hemoglobins provide O 2 to N ‐fixing bacteria within legume nodules, but the functions of non‐symbiotic or phytoglobins (Glbs) are much less defined. Immunolabeling combined with confocal microscopy Glbs tagged at C‐terminus green fluorescent protein was used determine their subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis and Lotus japonicus . Recombinant proteins were examine nitric oxide ( NO ) scavenging vitro transgenic plants show S‐ nitrosylation other vivo interactions...

Protein breakdown and mobilization from old or stressed tissues to growing sink organs are some of the metabolic features associated with abiotic/biotic stresses, essential for nutrient recycling. The massive degradation proteins implies numerous proteolytic events in which cysteine-proteases most abundant key players. Analysing role barley C1A proteases response abiotic stresses is crucial due their impact on plant growth grain yield quality. In this study, dark nitrogen starvation...

C1A plant cysteine proteases are synthesized as pre-pro-enzymes that need to be processed become active by the pro-peptide claves off from its cognate enzyme. These pro-sequences play multifunctional roles including capacity specifically inhibit their own well other protease activities diverse origin. In this study, it is analysed potential role of pro-regions barley regulators in target phytophagous arthropods (coleopteran and acari). The vitro inhibitory action these pro-sequences,...

Cystatins have been largely used for pest control against phytophagous species. However, cystatins not commonly overexpressed in its cognate plant species to test their pesticide capacity. Since the inhibitory role of barley HvCPI-6 cystatin mite Tetranychus urticae has previously demonstrated, purpose our study was determine if transgenic lines overexpressing own HvIcy6 gene were more resistant this infestation. Besides, a transcriptomic analysis done find differential expressed genes among...

Co-evolutionary processes in plant-pathogen/herbivore systems indicate that protease inhibitors have a particular value biotic interactions. However, little is known about the defensive role of their targets, plant proteases. C1A cysteine proteases are most abundant enzymes responsible for proteolytic activity during different like germination, development and senescence plants. To identify characterize barley with potential defense, mRNA protein expression patterns were analyzed response to...

To determine whether the 20-kDa chaperone-like protein of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis enhances synthesis, crystallization and solubility Cry3A coleopteran toxin crystalline inclusions produced are toxic to neonates Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The cry3A gene was expressed in 4Q7 strain B. absence or presence gene. enhanced yield by 2·7-fold per unit fermentation medium. Crystal volumes averaged 2·123 0·964 μm(3) when synthesized in, respectively, protein....

Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis such as B. subsp. israelensis (ONR-60A) and morrisoni (PG-14) pathogenic for mosquito larvae produce a complex parasporal body consisting several protein endotoxins synthesized during sporulation that form an aggregate crystalline inclusions bound together by multilamellar fibrous matrix. Most studies these strains focus on the molecular biology endotoxins, although it is known structural integrity important to achieving high toxicity, virtually nothing...