Background. Several studies already stressed the importance of haemodialysis (HD) time in removal uraemic toxins. In those studies, however, also amount dialysate and/or processed blood was altered. The present study aimed to investigate isolated effect factor t (by processing same total and volume two different schedules) on kinetic behaviour some small, middle protein-bound molecules.

Summary Plants possess an innate immune system capable of restricting invasion by most potential pathogens. At the cell surface, recognition microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and/or damage‐associated (DAMPs) pattern receptors (PRRs) represents first event for prompt mounting effective response. Pathogens have evolved effectors that block MAMP‐triggered immunity. The Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPto abolishes immunity triggered peptide MAMPs flg22 and elf18, derived from...

ABSTRACT Cultivation of pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) is threatened by the emerging pathogens Coniella granati and Phytophthora palmivora . Whether these microorganisms increase their damage due to simultaneous infection abiotic stress in unknown. Amylo‐X LC an effective biofungicide based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens but its efficacy protect from C P. if plants are under has not been tested. Therefore, effects drought, waterlogging co‐infection aggressiveness two were evaluated....

Cereals contain xylanase inhibitor (XI) proteins which inhibit microbial xylanases and are considered part of the defense mechanisms to counteract pathogens. Nevertheless, in planta evidence for this role has not been reported yet. Therefore, we produced a number transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing TAXI-III, member TAXI type XI that is induced by pathogen infection. Results showed TAXI-III endows wheat with new inhibition capacities. We also correctly secreted into apoplast...

Fusarium diseases, including head blight (FHB) and crown rot (FCR), reduce crop yield grain quality are major agricultural problems worldwide. These diseases also affect food safety through fungal production of hazardous mycotoxins. Among these, deoxynivalenol (DON) acts as a virulence factor during pathogenesis on wheat. The principal mechanism underlying plant tolerance to DON is glycosylation by specific uridine diphosphate–dependent glucosyltransferases (UGTs), which DON-3-β-d-glucoside...

Fungal species belonging to the Trichoderma genus are commonly used as biocontrol agents against several crop pathogens. Among their secondary metabolites, peptaibols helical, antimicrobial peptides, which structurally stable even under extreme pH and temperature conditions. The promise of agrochemicals is, however, hampered by poor water solubility, inhibits efficient delivery for practical use in protection. Using a versatile synthetic strategy, based on green chemistry procedures, we...

Black rot caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. (Xcc) is considered one of most destructive diseases affecting crucifers. Xcc a seedborne able to infect host at any growth stage. The management mainly relies on use copper-based products with possible negative effects human health and environment. Searching for protection alternatives crucial achieving sustainable Xcc. Trichoderma spp. has been largely used as biocontrol agent against several...

Plasmoparaviticola, the agent of grapevine downy mildew, causes enormous economic damage, and its control is primarily based on use synthetic fungicides. The European Union policies promote reducing reliance plant protection products. Biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma spp. constitute a resource for development biopesticides. produce secondary metabolites peptaibols, but poor water solubility peptaibols limits their practical agrochemicals. To identify new potential bio-inspired molecules...

Although wheat is used worldwide as a staple food, it can give rise to adverse reactions, for which the triggering factors have not been identified yet. These reactions be caused mainly by kernel proteins, both gluten and non-gluten proteins. Among these latter α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) are involved in baker’s asthma realistically Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity (NCWS). In this paper, we report characterization of three transgenic lines obtained from bread cultivar Bobwhite silenced...

Plant protein inhibitors counteract the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) secreted by pathogens to breach plant cell-wall barrier. Transgenic plants expressing a single inhibitor restrict pathogen infections. However, since secrete number CWDEs at onset infection, we combined more in wheat genotype reinforce further We polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting (PGIP) and pectin methyl esterase (PMEI), both controlling PG, one first during infection. also pyramided PGIP TAXI-III,...

Although wheat is a staple food for most of the human population, some its components trigger adverse reactions. Among components, alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) are important triggers several allergies and activators innate immunity. ATI group exogenous protease include polypeptides. The three polypeptides named CM3, CM16 0.28 considered major allergens, might also play role in other common wheat-related pathologies, such as Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity even Disease. On this basis,...

Prompted by recent changes in climate trends, cropping areas and management practices, Fusarium head blight (FHB), a threatening disease of cereals worldwide, is also spreading unusual environments, where bread wheat (BW) durum (DW) are largely cultivated. The scarcity efficient resistance sources within adapted germplasm particularly alarming for DW, mainly utilized human consumption, which therefore at high risk kernel contamination health-dangerous mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol = DON)....

Drought stress is becoming more prevalent with global warming, and has been shown to have large effects on gluten proteins linked wheat bread making quality. Likewise, low temperature can detrimentally affect in wheat. This study was done determine the differential abundance of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin a drought stressed quality hard red spring cultivar (PAN3478), against control. The treatments were applied greenhouse at soft dough stage. HMW extracted from flour, separated by...

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by graminearum is one of the most destructive fungal diseases wheat worldwide. The pathogen infects spike at flowering time and causes severe yield losses, deterioration grain quality, accumulation mycotoxins. understanding precise means entry colonization floral tissue crucial to providing effective protection against FHB. Polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are cell-wall that inhibit activity PGs, a class pectin-depolymerizing enzymes...

Eco-friendly analogs of Trichogin GA IV, a short peptaibol produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were assayed against Pyricularia oryzae, the causal agent rice blast disease. In vitro and in vivo screenings allowed us to identify six peptides able reduce about 70% symptoms. One most active was selected for further studies. Microscopy analyses highlighted that treated fungal spores could not germinate fluorescein-labeled peptide localized on spore cell wall agglutinated cytoplasm....

During host plant infection, pathogens produce a wide array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to break the wall. Among CWDEs, xylanases are key in degradation xylan, main component hemicellulose. Targeted deletion experiments support direct involvement xylanase BcXyn11a pathogenesis Botrytis cinerea. Since Triticum aestivum inhibitor-I (TAXI-I) has been shown inhibit BcXyn11a, we verified if TAXI-I could be exploited counteract B. cinerea infections. With this aim, first produced...

The Thinopyrum elongatum Fhb7E locus has been proven to confer outstanding resistance Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) when transferred into wheat, minimizing yield loss and mycotoxin accumulation in grains. Despite their biological relevance breeding implications, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistant phenotype associated with have not fully uncovered. To gain a broader understanding of processes involved this complex plant–pathogen interaction, we analysed via untargeted metabolomics...

Background. The interplay of correct solute mass balances, such as that sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) (respectively, Na+MB K+MB) with adequate ultrafiltration volumes (VUF), is crucial in order to achieve haemodynamic stability during haemodialysis (HD). GENIUS single-pass batch dialysis system (Fresenius Medical Care, Germany) consists a closed dialysate tank 90 L; it offers the unique opportunity effecting balances any very precise way.