A , assimilation rate a fractionation against 13 C for CO 2 diffusion through air b, net during fixation ambient concentration c at the chloroplast i intercellular D vapour pressure deficit E n needle transpiration p whole plant water use g w leaf internal transfer conductance to s stomatal L projected area NUE, nitrogen efficiency PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate Rubisco, ribulose‐1,5‐biphosphate carboxylase TDR, time domain reflectometry WUE, Δ carbon isotope discrimination δ C, abundance...

ABSTRACT The relationship among water use efficiency (WUE), productivity and carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C) in white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was investigated. Sixteen hundred representing 10 controlled crosses were planted the field individual buried sand‐filled cylinders. soil content cylinders measured using time domain reflectometry over two growing seasons seedling determined by balance. Two watering treatments imposed: irrigation dry land. There significant...

We describe a new time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique that increases the reliability of soil water content measurements. Remotely switched shorting diodes in combination with differential detection techniques greatly increase effective amplitude problem reflections and significantly reduce background noise. Reliable two define apparent dielectric constant was achieved all laboratory field conditions. This, for example, enables measurement volumetric saline or layered soils allows use...

Abstract. In recent years, satellite remote sensing has been increasingly used in the long-term observation of ozone (O3) precursors and its formation regime. this work, formaldehyde (HCHO) data from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were to analyze temporal spatial distribution HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) Shanghai 2010 2019. VCDs exhibited highest value summer lowest winter, high VCD being concentrated western Shanghai. Temperature largely influences by affecting biogenic...

In 1960, R.E. Kalman published his famous paper describing a recursive solution, the filter, to discrete-data linear filtering problem. following decades, thanks continuous progress of numerical computing, as well increasing demand for weather prediction, target tracking, and many other problems, filter has gradually become one most important tools in science engineering. With improvement its theory, derivative algorithms have core optimal estimation. This attempts systematically collect...

The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii poses a global, serious threat to yield and quality. Although chemical pesticides are effective, pollution resistance increasingly prominent, making development of new biopesticides priority in the context green agricultural development. Given that reports on activity surfactins against A. limited, here, 107 Bacillus strains isolated from extreme environment Chinese Taklamakan Desert were screened for insecticidal using leaf-dip method. Active characterized by...

Introduction The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii poses a global, serious threat to yield and quality. Although chemical pesticides are effective, pollution resistance increasingly prominent, making development of new biopesticides priority in the context green agricultural development. Methods Given that reports on activity surfactins against A. limited, here, 107 Bacillus strains isolated from extreme environment Chinese Taklamakan Desert were screened for insecticidal using leaf-dip method....

Two types of artificial neural networks, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and self-organizing feature map (SOM) were used to detect mastitis by automatic milking systems (AMS) using a new indicator that combined two previously reported indicators based on higher electrical conductivity (EC) lower quarter yield (QY). Four MLPs with four combinations inputs developed infected quarters. One input combination involved principal components (PC) adopted for addressing multi-collinearity in the data....

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted, in order to systematically explore the effect soil electrical conductivity on moisture determination using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Moisture Point MP-917 instrument (E.S.I. Environmental Sensors Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) used measure propagation (time delay) a step function along probe imbedded fine sand with different and salinity. The volumetric water content independently determined balance. With help diode-switching technique,...

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation plays a multifaceted role in human health, inducing DNA damage and representing the primary source of vitamin D for most humans; however, current U.S. UV exposure models are limited spatial, temporal, and/or spectral resolution. Area-to-point (ATP) residual kriging is geostatistical method that can be used to create spatiotemporal model by downscaling from an area- point-level spatial resolution using fine-scale ancillary data. A stratified ATP approach was...

The aim of this work was to identify the coastal wetland plants between Bayes and BP neural network using hyperspectral data in order optimize classification method. For purpose, we chose two dominant (invasive <i>S. alterniflora </i>and native <i>P. australis</i>) Yangtze Estuary, leaf spectral reflectance australis S. were measured by ASD field machine. We tested method for identification these species. Results showed that three different bands (i.e., 555 nm,711 nm 920 nm) could be...

Forest is the largest vegetation carbon pool in global terrestrial ecosystem. The spatial distribution and change of forest biomass are importance to reveal surface variation driving factors, analyze evaluate productivity, ecological function forest. In this study, broad-leaved forests located a typical state nature reserve northern subtropics were selected as study area. Based on ground survey data high-resolution remote sensing images, three machine learning models used identify best...

Abstract. A one dimensional non-linear magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) system has been introduced to test a sequential optimal interpolation assimilation technique that uses Monte-Carlo method calculate the forecast error covariance. An ensemble of 100 model runs with perturbed initial conditions are used construct covariance, and algorithm is tested using Observation Simulation Experiments (OSE's). The run variety observation types (magnetic and/or velocity fields) range densities. impact cross...

Abstract Drought impacts to plant growth can be indicated by changes in key functional traits. However, previous research has focused on aboveground trait responses precipitation deficits, with less emphasis concomitant belowground and deep soil drought from groundwater depletion. We assessed a suite of traits dominant plant, Phragmites communis , response an experimental gradient underground watertable depth. Our study occurred within the northeastern Inner Mongolia region, where tables...

Current multimodal learning in smart feature extraction and classification has reshaped the landscape of remote sensing. The recent developments mainly rely on different machine data mining algorithms as powerful classifiers to improve prediction accuracy. This article presents an innovative ensemble algorithm for integrated classifier fusion via higher order singular value decomposition (IDCF-HOSVD). Based fused data, analytical, semiempirical, empirical can be selected applied perform...

It is shown that binary low-density generator matrix codes can achieve the rate-distortion bound of discrete memoryless sources with general distortion measure via multilevel quantization. A practical encoding scheme based on survey-propagation algorithm proposed. The effectiveness proposed verified through simulation.

Contamination by heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems generated from human activities. Because phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants, it could potentially be used remediate metal-contaminated areas. A pot culture experiment with four levels cadmium (Cd) (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg Cd/kg dry soil) was conducted investigate Cd accumulation tolerance roots, shoots, leaves Lagerstroemia indica fauriei as well their potential for phytoremediation....