SUMMARY The unicellular soil alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii forms diploid zygotes during its sexual cycle. process of a zygote maturing into highly resistant zygospore remains poorly understood despite importance for survival under adverse environmental conditions. Here we describe the detailed timeline morphological and physiological changes maturation in darkness on ammonium‐free Tris‐acetate‐phosphate agar plates. formation multilayered cell wall is primarily responsible increase size...

Significance Whether insect sesquiterpenes are synthesized de novo, derived from plant precursors, or produced by symbionts is often unknown. We identified an evolutionarily novel terpene synthase gene family in the striped flea beetle, a notorious pest of Brassica crops North America and Asia, one these genes was shown to be directly involved biosynthesis male-specific sesquiterpene aggregation pheromone. Phylogenetic structure analyses indicate that expansion trans -isoprenyl diphosphate...

Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) produce the ubiquitous branched-chain diphosphates of different lengths that are precursors all major classes terpenes. Typically, individual short-chain IDSs (scIDSs) make C 10 , 15 and 20 isoprenyl separately. Here, we report product length synthesized by a single scIDS shifts depending on divalent metal cofactor present. This previously undescribed mechanism carbon chain-length determination was discovered for from juvenile horseradish leaf beetles,...

Norway spruce (Picea abies) defends itself against herbivores and pathogens by formation of traumatic resin ducts filled with terpenoid-based oleoresin. An important group enzymes in terpenoid biosynthesis are the short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases which produce geranyl (C(10)), farnesyl (C(15)), geranylgeranyl (C(20)) as precursors monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpene acids, respectively. After treatment methyl jasmonate (MJ) we investigated expression all synthase genes...

Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze some of the most basic steps in terpene biosynthesis by producing prenyl precursors each various terpenoid classes. Most plants investigated have distinct enzymes that produce short-chain all-trans (E) diphosphates geranyl (GDP, C10 ), farnesyl (FDP, C15 ) or geranylgeranyl (GGDP, C20 ). In genome Arabidopsis thaliana, 15 trans-product-forming IDSs are present. Ten these recently been shown to GGDP genetic complementation a carotenoid pathway...

Abstract Spruce (Picea spp.) and other conifers employ terpenoid-based oleoresin as part of their defense against herbivores pathogens. The short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS) are situated at critical branch points in terpene biosynthesis, producing the precursors different terpenoid classes. To determine role IDS to create altered phenotypes for assessing defensive terpenoids, we overexpressed a bifunctional spruce IDS, geranyl geranylgeranyl synthase white glauca) saplings....

Summary Phytopathogens have developed elaborate mechanisms to attenuate the defense response of their host plants, including convergent evolution complex pathways for production GA phytohormones, which were actually first isolated from rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi . The bacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) has been demonstrated contain a biosynthetic operon with cyclases capable producing universal precursor ent ‐kaurene. Genetic (knock‐out) studies indicate that...

The ability of plant-associated microbes to produce gibberellin A (GA) phytohormones was first described for the fungal rice pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi in 1930s. Recently capacity GAs shown several bacteria, including symbiotic alpha-proteobacteria (-rhizobia) and gamma-proteobacteria phytopathogens. All necessary enzymes GA production are encoded by a conserved operon, which appears have undergone horizontal transfer between within these two phylogenetic classes bacteria. Here operon be...

Certain plant-associated microbes can produce gibberellin (GA) phytohormones, as first described for the rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi and, more recently, bacteria, including several rhizobia and bacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. The relevant enzymes are encoded by a biosynthetic operon that exhibits both greater phylogenetic range scattered distribution among bacteria. Here, of this was investigated. To demonstrate conserved functionality, disparate from X. translucens...

Terpenoids form the largest class of plant metabolites involved in primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze condensation C(5) terpenoid building blocks, isopentenyl dimethylallyl diphosphate, to geranyl (C(10)), farnesyl (C(15)), geranylgeranyl (C(20)). These branch point reactions control flow that act as precursors each major terpene classes-monoterpenes, sequiterpenes, diterpenes, respectively. Thus accurate easily performed assays IDS enzyme...

In response to insect herbivory, poplar releases a blend of volatiles that plays important roles in plant defense. Although the volatile bouquet is highly complex and comprises several classes compounds, it dominated by mono- sesquiterpenes. The most common precursors for sesquiterpenes, geranyl diphosphate (GPP) (E,E)-farnesyl (FPP), respectively, are general produced homodimeric or heterodimeric trans-isopentenyl synthases (trans-IDSs) belong family prenyltransferases. To understand...

Biosynthesis of the gibberellin (GA) plant hormones evolved independently in plants and microbes, but pathways proceed by similar transformations. The combined demethylation γ-lactone ring forming transformation is significant mechanistic interest, yet remains unclear. relevant CYP112 from bacteria was probed activity assays 18 O2 -labeling experiments. Notably, ability tert-butyl hydroperoxide to drive this indicates use ferryl-oxo (Compound I) CYP catalytic cycle for reaction. Together...

Terpenes and phenolics are important constitutive inducible conifer defenses against bark beetles their associated fungi. In this study, the of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with different histories attack by beetle, Ips typographus were tested inoculation I. typographus-associated fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. We compared that had been under previous those current no record attack. After fungal inoculation, concentrations mono-, sesqui-, diterpenes in increased 3- to 9-fold....

Gibberellin (GA) phytohormones are ubiquitous regulators of growth and developmental processes in vascular plants. The convergent evolution GA production by plant-associated bacteria, including both symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia phytopathogens, suggests that manipulation signaling is a powerful mechanism for microbes to gain an advantage these interactions. Although orthologous operons encode biosynthetic enzymes notable genetic heterogeneity scattered operon distribution lineages, loss...

SUMMARY Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled by cis ‐regulatory modules (CRMs). A major class CRMs are enhancers which composed activating elements (CREs) responsible for upregulating transcription. To date, most and CREs have been studied angiosperms; contrast, our knowledge about these key regulators green algae limited. In this study, we aimed at characterizing putative CREs/CRMs from the histone genes unicellular model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . test activity...

Parallel mechanisms between independently evolved plant and bacterial<italic>ent</italic>-kaurene oxidases.

As an alternative to chemical building blocks derived from algal biomass, the excretion of glycolate has been proposed. This process observed in green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a product photorespiratory pathway. Photorespiration generally occurs at low CO2 and high O2 concentrations, through key enzyme RubisCO initiating pathway via oxygenation 1.5-ribulose-bisphosphate. In wild-type strains, photorespiration is usually suppressed favour carboxylation due cellular carbon...

Isoprenyl chains are found in many important metabolites. These derived from precursors of the appropriate length produced by isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs). The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis makes various isoprenoids/terpenoids, with roles their biosynthesis played two closely related IDSs, encoded grcC1 (Rv0562) and grcC2 (Rv0989c), Rv0989c generating 10-carbon precursor (E)-geranyl (GPP), Rv0562 20-carbon (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl (GGPP). Intriguingly, while contains...