Abstract Background Silicon (Si) application has been known to enhance the tolerance of plants against abiotic stresses. However, protective mechanism Si under heavy metals contamination is poorly understood. The aim this study was assess role in counteracting toxicity due cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) rice ( Oryza sativa ). Results significantly improved growth biomass reduced toxic effects Cd/Cu after different stress periods. treatment ameliorated root function structure compared with...

Abstract Background Endophytic fungi are little known for exogenous secretion of phytohormones and mitigation salinity stress, which is a major limiting factor agriculture production worldwide. Current study was designed to isolate phytohormone producing endophytic fungus from the roots cucumber plant identify its role in growth stress tolerance under saline conditions. Results We isolated nine screened their culture filtrates (CF) on gibberellins (GAs) deficient mutant rice cultivar Waito-C...

Many insect-transmissible pathogens are transmitted by specific insect species and not others, even if they closely related. The molecular mechanisms underlying such strict pathogen–insect specificity poorly understood. Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris , OY strain, line W (OY), is a phytopathogenic bacterium from plant to sap-feeding vectors (leafhoppers). Our study focused on an abundant cell-surface membrane protein of the phytoplasma named antigenic (Amp), which homologous with any reported...

Phylogenetic relationships of five jujube witches'-broom (JWB) phytoplasma isolates from four different districts, and other phytoplasmas, were investigated by 16S rDNA PCR amplification sequence analysis. The sequences any pair the JWB phytoplasmas > 99.5% similar. most closely related to that elm yellows (EY) in 16S-group VIII. analysis isolates, together with archived GenBank, produced a tree which clustered as discrete subgroup. uniqueness appears be correlated specific insect vector...

In addition to rice yellow dwarf (RYD) phytoplasma, several phytoplasmas infect gramineous plants, including orange leaf, bermuda grass white brachiaria leaf and sugarcane phytoplasmas. To investigate whether the RYD phytoplasma is a discrete, species-level taxon, isolates of aforementioned were analysed using PCR-amplified 16S rDNA sequences. Two isolates, RYD-JT RYD-Th, almost identical (99·2 %), but distinct (similarities 96·3–97·9 %) from other 16S-group. The notion that constitutes...

A gene that encodes a putative SecE protein, which is component of the Sec protein-translocation system, was cloned from onion yellows phytoplasma (OY). The identification this and previously reported genes encoding SecA SecY provides evidence system exists in phytoplasma. In addition, an antigenic membrane protein (Amp) (a type immunodominant protein) OY sequenced. amp consisted 702 nt 233 aa highly similar to Amp aster (AY). Part overexpressed Escherichia coli, purified, used raise...

Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria that cause devastating yield losses in diverse crops worldwide. Although the understanding of pathogen biology is important agriculture, inability to culture phytoplasmas has hindered their full characterization. Previous studies demonstrated immunodominant membrane proteins could be classified into three types, protein (Imp), A (IdpA), and antigenic (Amp), they nonhomologous each other. Here, cloning sequencing imp-containing genomic fragments were...

We report a noble optical sensing method to diagnose seed abnormalities using coherence tomography (OCT). Melon seeds infected with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) were scanned by OCT. The cross-sectional sensed area of the abnormal showed an additional subsurface layer under surface which is not found in normal seeds. presence CGMMV sample was examined blind test (n = 140) and compared reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. layers 40) quantitatively investigated A-scan...

The fungal species of the genus Penicillium can be found across a diverse array environments. infrageneric classification has been studied with comparison morphological and phylogenetical features, derived into two subgenus, 32 sections, 89 series. In this study, 11 strains were isolated from freshwater environments, plant litter, nearby substrates in Korea identified as previously unreported species. internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), RNA...

During an investigation of microfungi from various ecosystems in South Korea, two novel fungal species (KNUF-22-094T and KNUF-23-321CT) were discovered within the genera Microascus Tolypocladium. The strain KNUF-22-094T stands out among other due to its distinctive conidiogenous cells conidial size ranges. measured 2.3–4.3 × 2.0–3.6 µm, notably smaller than those M. rothbergiorum (7.5–11.5 2.5–4.5 µm), sparsimycelialis (5.0–10.0 3.0–5.0 which is considerably larger both dimensions. For...

During an investigation of soil microfungi in Korea, a fungal strain designated KNUF-23-236 was isolated from sample collected Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Molecular analyses using the ITS regions and LSU, SSU, RPB2 genes revealed that Scytalidium aurantiacum album are its close phylogenetic relatives, with sequence similarity levels ranging 93.8% to 100.0%. However, based on cultural morphological characteristics differs S. by having white-to-yellow colonies without reddish...

In Korea, Japanese chestnut trees (Castanea crenata Sieb. and Zucc.) showing symptoms indicative of witches' broom disease, including abnormally small leaves yellowing young leaves, were examined. Since the suggestive a phytoplasma infection, tissues assayed for phytoplasmas by PCR analysis using pair universal primers that amplify 1.4-kbp 16S rDNA fragment. The phytoplasma-specific fragment was amplified from diseased plants, but not healthy indicating causal agent (CnWB) disease....

Due to the lack of a means inoculate plants mechanically, histological dynamics and in planta spread phytoplasmas have been studied very little. We analyzed plant infection by phytoplasmas, using technique infect limited area leaf, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, immunohistochemical visualization. Following localized inoculation leaf garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) vector leafhopper Macrosteles striifrons, onion yellows (OY) phytoplasma within from...

Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria that cause numerous diseases. This study shows a strong positive selection on the phytoplasma antigenic membrane protein (Amp). The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions was >1 with all methods we tested. clear selections imply an important biological role for Amp in host-bacterium interactions.

Marssonina coronaria associated with apple blotch disease causes severe premature defoliation, and is widely distributed in Korea. Thirteen isolates were collected from orchards located Gyeongbuk Province 2005~2007. All displayed over 99.6% 99.2% sequence similarity to each other internal transcribed spacer regions partial sequences of 28S rDNA, respectively. The phylogenetically closely related Chinese isolates. Selected did not differ their pathogenicity. optimum conditions for fungal...

Genes encoding SecA and SecY proteins, essential components of the Sec protein translocation system, were cloned from onion yellows phytoplasma, an unculturable plant pathogenic bacterium. The secA gene consists 2,505 nucleotides 835 amino acid (95.7 kDa) shows highest similarity with Bacillus subtilis. Anti-SecA rabbit antibody was prepared a purified partial protein, histidine tag expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blot analysis confirmed that (approximately 96 is produced...