Biomechanical studies often employ optical motion capture systems for the determination of position an object in a room-based coordinate system. This is not ideal many types study locomotion since only few strides may be collected per ;trial', and outdoor experiments are difficult with some systems. Here, we report evaluate novel approach that enables user to determine linear displacements proprietary orientation sensor during cyclical movement. makes outside constraints laboratory possible,...

Measurement of peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFz) from multiple limbs simultaneously during high-speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding the locomotor mechanics cursorial animals. Here, we evaluate accuracy predicting GRFz duty factor (the proportion stride for which limb is in contact with ground). Foot-mounted uniaxial accelerometers, combined UHF FM telemetry, are shown to be practical and accurate field measurement timing variables, including factor. Direct...

Understanding the expression of catabolic and anabolic genes during osteoarthritis progression should help to identify major mediators disease.To compare cytokine marker concentrations in synovium, synovial fluid cartilage between normal osteoarthritic joints.Carpi from horses age 2-11 years were used. Tissues harvested at time surgery or euthanasia, RNA was isolated for RT-PCR analysis. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), aggrecanase 1 (ADAMTS-4), 2 (ADAMTS-5),...

SUMMARY Stride duration, stance duration and protraction are key variables when describing the gaits of terrestrial animals. Together, they determine duty factor (the fraction stride for which limb maintains contact with ground surface), from peak vertical force can be estimated. When an animal changes speed, these change at different proportions. Limited measurements predictions have been undertaken large mammals performing high-speed over-ground exercise. This study set out to make such...

During locomotion cyclical interchange between different forms of mechanical energy enhances economy; however, 100% efficiency cannot be achieved and ultimately some work must performed de novo. There is a metabolic cost associated with fluctuations in energy, even the most efficient animals. In this study we investigate exchanges involved high-speed gallop Thoroughbred race horses during over-ground using innovative, mobile data collection techniques. We use hoof-mounted accelerometers to...

Summary Reasons for performing study Subjective evaluation of the response to diagnostic analgesia hindlimb lameness is influenced by expectation bias. Quantification pelvic movement with inertial measurement units possible, but it unclear which measure symmetry best reflects changes seen after analgesia. Objectives To test our hypothesis that objective measures closely relating those used subjective visual scoring (quantifying difference between sacral upward or downward amplitudes left and...

The high, repetitive demands imposed on polo horses in training and competition may predispose them to musculoskeletal injuries lameness.To quantify movement symmetry lameness a population of horses, investigate the existence relationship with age.Convenience sampled cross-sectional study.Sixty were equipped inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached poll, between tubera sacrale. Six measures calculated for vertical head pelvic displacement during in-hand trot compared values perfect...

The success of combined prosthetic laryngoplasty with ipsilateral ventriculocordectomy (LPVC) has not been compared to that partial arytenoidectomy (PA) in a clinical population.In Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses: (1) earnings after LPVC are unaffected by the severity recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) (laryngeal grade III vs. IV); (2) and PA yield similar results treatment RLN; (3) performance outcome following is independent diagnosis (RLN unilateral arytenoid chondritis [UAC]); (4) neither...

To report (1) the force required on a single laryngoplasty suture to achieve optimal abduction of left arytenoid cartilage, (2) peak forces experienced by during induced swallowing and coughing, 24-hour resting activity in stall, (3) coughing after recurrent laryngeal nerve blockade.Experimental study.Horses (n=8).Each was instrumented with an E-type buckle transducer measure for intraoperative cartilage abduction. This correlated observed postoperatively. Change from baseline measured...

Background Reproducible and accurate recognition of presence severity ataxia in horses with neurologic disease is important when establishing a diagnosis, assessing response to treatment, making recommendations that might influence rider safety or decision for euthanasia. Objectives To determine the reproducibility validity gait assessment component examination horses. Animals Twenty‐five referred Royal Veterinary College Equine Referral Hospital neurological (n = 15), purchased (without...

To describe (1) preoperative findings and surgical technique, (2) intraoperative difficulties, (3) postoperative complications long-term outcome of equine cheek tooth extraction using a minimally invasive transbuccal screw (MITSE) technique.Retrospective case series.Fifty-four equids; 50 horses, 3 ponies, 1 mule.Fifty-eight MITSE procedures were performed to extract teeth in 54 equids. Peri- as well short- (<1 month) (>6 months) recorded. Followup information was obtained through telephone...

Knowledge of imaging anatomy, surgical anatomy and disorders affecting the sphenopalatine sinus are currently lacking.To describe computed tomographic (CT) diagnosis, treatment outcome in clinical cases with disease.Cadaver observational study retrospective case series.The sinuses 10 normal cadaver heads were examined digital radiography, CT sinoscopic examination prior to anatomical sectioning. Sphenopalatine was described compared between specimens across modalities. Medical records...

Summary The equine limb has evolved for efficient locomotion and high‐speed performance, with adaptations of bone, tendon muscle. However, the system lacks ability seen in some species to dynamically adapt different circumstances. mechanical interaction ground is influenced by internal external factors including fore–hind mass distribution, lead limb, moving on a curve, shoeing surface properties. It unclear which components loading have largest effect injury performance but peak load,...

To determine the association between owner-reported noise and findings during dynamic respiratory endoscopy (DRE) in a large case series.The sensitivity of for upper tract obstructions horses is low, specificity high.One hundred underwent DRE investigation abnormal and/or poor performance. The with was evaluated.Eighty-five noise. Of these, 82% were found to have one or more obstructive abnormalities DRE. Forty-eight percent reported gurgle, rattle make rough diagnosed solitary palatal...

Abstract Objective —To evaluate outcome after intralesional injection of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) for treatment superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis in Thoroughbred racehorses. Design —Retrospective case series. Animals —40 Procedures —Medical records racehorses with SDF treated within 13 weeks injury by IGF-I (25 or 50 μg every other day 4 5 treatments) were reviewed. Outcome was determined via analysis race records, owner follow-up, and examination. Results —Mean age the...

The Internet has radically changed how dogs are advertised for adoption in the United States. This study was used to investigate different characteristics dogs' photos presented online affected speed of their adoptions, as a proof concept encourage more research this field. analyzed 1st images 468 adopted young and adult black identified Labrador Retriever mixed breeds across A subjective global measure photo quality had largest impact on time adoption. Other traits that positively impacted...

Summary Reasons for performing study : The success of laryngoplasty is limited by abduction loss in the early post operative period. Objective To determine efficacy polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) stabilising cricoarytenoid joint (CAJ) and reducing force on suture. Hypothesis Injection into resists forces produced physiological laryngeal air flows pressures thereby experienced Methods Ten cadaver larynges were collected at necropsy PMMA was injected one CAJ selected random. Each larynx...

Objective gait monitoring is increasingly accessible to trainers. A more comprehensive understanding of 'normal' adaptations required. Forty two-year-old thoroughbred racehorses were recruited when entering training and followed for 22 months. Gait analysis was performed by equipping each horse with an inertial measurement unit inbuilt GPS (GPS-IMU) mounted on the dorsum. Horses exercised as per their regular regimen. Data analysed using a linear mixed model. For horses, there non-linear...