Plant immunity can be induced by two major classes of pathogen-associated molecules. Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs MAMPs) are conserved components microbes that serve as “non-self” features to induce PAMP-triggered (PTI). Pathogen effector proteins used promote virulence also recognized a “modified-self” state effector-triggered (ETI). The Arabidopsis protein RIN4 plays an important role in both branches plant immunity. Three unrelated type III secretion (TTSE)...

In F. graminearum, the transcriptional regulator Tri6 is encoded within trichothecene gene cluster and regulates genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON). The protein with its Cys2His2 zinc-finger may also conform to class global transcription regulators. This regulators mediate various environmental cues generally responds demands cellular metabolism. To address this issue directly, we sought find targets graminearum grown optimal nutrient conditions....

Elicitor-induced activation of the potato pathogenesis-related gene PR-10a requires a 30-bp promoter sequence termed ERE (elicitor response element) that is bound by nuclear factor PBF-2 (PR-10a binding 2). In this study, has been purified to near homogeneity from elicited tubers through combination anion-exchange and DNA affinity chromatography. Evidence demonstrates inactive stored in nuclei fresh becomes available for upon elicitation. A protein with an apparent molecular mass 24 kD (p24)...

Proximity dependent biotin identification (BioID) has emerged as a powerful tool for studies of proteome architecture, including insoluble or membrane-associated proteins. The technique been well established in mammalian cells but yet to be applied whole plant systems. Here we demonstrate the application BioID on leaf tissues model Arabidopsis thaliana, thereby expanding versatility this important and providing proteomics biologists.

Lateral organs formed by the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are separated from surrounding stem cells regions of low growth called boundaries. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 represent a class genes important for boundary patterning in land plants. Members this family lack DNA-binding domain interact with TGACG-motif binding (TGA) basic Leu zipper (bZIP) transcription factors recruitment to DNA. Here, we show that clade I bZIP TGA1 TGA4, previously...

The pathogenesis-related gene PR-10a (formerly STH[middot]2) is induced in various organs of potato after wounding, elicitor treatment, or infection by Phytophthora infestans. Deletion analysis the promoter enabled us to identify a 50-bp region, located between positions -155 and -105, necessary for responsiveness [beta]-glucuronidase reporter transgenic plants. Within this 30-bp sequence, -135 was activation elicitor. However, strong activity treatment required presence 20-bp sequence -135....

The elicitor-induced activation of the potato pathogenesis-related gene PR-10a is positively controlled by a protein kinase(s) that affects binding nuclear factors PBF-1 (for factor-1) and PBR-2 to an elicitor response element (ERE). In this study, we have identified kinase has properties similar conventional isoenzymes mammalian C (PKC) family. treatment tuber discs with specific inhibitors PKC abolished factor PBF-2 ERE. This correlated reduction in accumulation protein. contrast,...

Despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as fungus Fusarium graminearum, development strategies for enhanced protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. To bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay which interaction between F. graminearum model plant Arabidopsis thaliana monitored liquid media 96-well plates. In this assay, fungal infection associated with dark lesion-like spots on cotyledons...

The phenylpropanoid enzyme 4‐coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) plays a key role in linking general metabolism to end‐product specific biosynthetic pathways. During vascular system and floral organ differentiation, the parsley 4CL‐1 gene is expressed restricted set of tissues cell types where 4CL activity required supply precursors for synthesis diverse phenylpropanoid‐derived products such as lignin flavonoids. In order localize cis ‐acting elements which specify complex patterns expression,...

Fusarium graminearum is a pathogenic fungus that causes head blight in wheat and lowers the yield quality of grains by contamination with trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. The fungi coexist interact several different fusaria as well other plant bacteria field. In Canada, F. exists two main chemotypes: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. To understand potential interactions between isolates these chemotypes, we conducted coinoculation studies both culture planta. showed...

Pollination triggers not only embryo development but also the differentiation of ovule integuments to form a specialized seed coat. The mucilage secretory cells Arabidopsis thaliana coat undergo complex process in which cell growth is followed by synthesis and secretion pectinaceous mucilage. A number genes have been identified affecting differentiation, including MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4 (MUM4). mum4 mutants produce reduced amount cloning MUM4 revealed that it encodes UDP-L-rhamnose synthase...

Fusarium Head Blight of wheat, caused by the filamentous fungus graminearum, leads to devastating global food shortages and economic losses. While many studies have addressed responses both wheat F. graminearum during their interaction, possibility fungal chemotropic sensing enabling pathogenicity remains unexplored. Based on recent findings linking pheromone-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor Ste2 host-directed chemotropism in oxysporum, we investigated role its downstream signaling...

During the 42-month period from June 1982 through December 1985, 215 fecal specimens 171 patients were found to be positive for yersiniae by using a combination of CIN agar and cold enrichment. Isolates tested markers virulence including carriage plasmid 42 megadaltons in size, calcium dependence, autoagglutination, Congo red uptake, pyrazinamidase activity, fermentation salicin, hydrolysis esculin. The results correlated symptoms patients. A total 80 Yersinia enterocolitica 52 Y....

The multicomponent NADPH oxidase enzyme complex (Nox) converts molecular oxygen in a stepwise reduction to superoxides leading the production of H2O2. This study characterized role catalytic subunit (gp91phox) Nox, NoxA and NoxB F. graminearum. Targeted deletion genes show that they differentially regulate during mycelial development. nitro blue tetrazolium staining method revealed both single noxA mutant double noxA/B strains are restricted superoxides. limitation, however, did not affect...

To understand early events in plant-pathogen interactions, it is necessary to explore the pathogen secretome identify secreted proteins that help orchestrate pathology. The can be obtained from pathogens grown vitro, and then characterized using standard proteomic approaches based on protein extraction subsequent identification of tryptic peptides by LC-MS. A subset composed whose presence required initiate infection their removal would result with reduced or no virulence. We present here...

Summary Two mutants ( tri6Δ and noxABΔ ) of the fungal pathogen F usarium graminearum were assessed for their ability to prime immune responses in wheat (cv. R oblin) against challenge with pathogenic . Priming treatments generated head blight FHB )‐resistant phenotypes reduced accumulation mycotoxins infected tissues. Microarray analysis identified 260 transcripts that differentially expressed during priming period. Expression changes observed genes associated surveillance systems,...

Fusarium graminearum grown under stress, such as nutrient deprivation, activates, among others, the trichothecene pathway that produces mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. The kinase inhibitor staurosporine reduced production of trichothecenes by 39% compared with control in vitro. On other hand, phosphatase okadaic acid increased amount 72% This suggests phosphorylation events are involved signalling pathway, leading to activation pathway. Three approaches were used study...

This study presents a high‐throughput proteomic analysis of phosphopeptides from Fusarium graminearum strain DAOM 233423 grown in vitro without nutritional limitation. Using combination strong cation exchange (SCX) and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by LC‐MS, we identified 2902 putative with homologous matches to 1496 different proteins. Functional classification the annotated protein set revealed that nuclear proteins ATP‐binding function were most abundant. There...

Summary TRI 6 is a positive regulator of the trichothecene gene cluster and production mycotoxins [deoxynivalenol ( DON )] acetylated forms such as 15‐ Acetyl‐DON ) in cereal pathogen F usarium graminearum . As global transcriptional regulator, expression modulated by nitrogen‐limiting conditions, sources nitrogen carbon, pH light. However, mechanism which these diverse environmental factors affect remains underexplored. In our effort to understand how nutrients regulation, comparative...