Crown rot pathogens are associated with higher losses for wheat crop farmers, but information about the distribution and prevalence of these in Chile is inadequate.Distribution (Triticum aestivum L.) crown were examined a survey 48 commercial fields from December 2011 to February 2012 southern Chile.These located between Collipulli (37º56'00" S; 72°26'39" W) Purranque (40º50'30" 73°22'03" W).Severity disease was determined through visual assessment first internode 20 tillers obtained each...

The gut parasite Nosema ceranae is one of the most prevalent honey bee microsporidia worldwide and its chemical management in American countries mainly based on antibiotic fumagillin. However, it has recently been reported that this drug negative side effects bees; therefore, non-harmful alternative treatments must be found. methanolic extracts (2, 4, 8 16%) from Chilean native plant leaves (Aristotelia chilensis, Ugni molinae, Gevuina avellana) propolis (Biobío (BB) Los Ríos (LR) regions)...

Lotmaria passim currently appears to be the predominant trypanosome in honey bees worldwide. Although, specific effects of L. by single or mixed with other gut parasites such as Nosema ceranae on bees' health is still unclear. We consequently measured survival, parasite loads, expression antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and vitellogenin gene. Thus, (1) naturally infected passim, (2) healthy inoculated ceranae, (3) N. (4) (control) were maintained under controlled conditions. Honey infections...

The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is an important pollinator worldwide. Beekeepers have experienced increasing loss of colonies in recent years and pathologies including viruses intestinal parasites such as Nosema ceranae are among those held responsible for this decline. aim study was to determine the prevalence distribution, using real time PCR method, six Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Black Queen Cell (BQCV), Sacbrood (SBV), Acute Bee Paralysis (ABPV), Chronic (CBPV) Israeli (IAPV) addition...

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the most common viruses in apiaries worldwide, and its presence Chilean no exception. There are three well-defined master variants described as DWV-A, DWV-B (or VDV-1) DWV-C. We studied prevalence, load recombinant genotypes among DWV honey bees from apiaries. also compared viral each region colonies that were treated or untreated against Varroa destructor. Using real-time PCR with specific primers enabled us to determine DWV-A was prevalent (71%)...

In southern Chile, forage corn (Zea mays L.) is grown for feeding animals in milk diaries and livestock production. December 2010, plants with small circular spots on leaves were collected from three fields located Río Negro (Los Lagos region). Symptoms began as small, white to brown of 5 10 mm different parts the leaf necrotic tissue irregular burgundy margins border tip leaf. Estimated visual severity was ~5 40% each field samples. Twelve blocks taken edge infected leaves, surface...

In Chile, phytoplasmas have been reported in sugar beet, grapevine, peony, and Chilean shrubs. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' detected plants of Ugni molinae Turczanínow (Myrtaceae) the leafhopper Amplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong. We evaluated possibility phytoplasma transmission from native to grasses by A. possible effect on plant hosts. Newly emerged adults were placed cages with phytoplasma-infected U. for 72 h (acquisition access period). These then replaced healthy ryegrasses...

The gut parasite Lotmaria passim has recently been identified in Apis mellifera and appears to be the predominant trypanosome honey bees worldwide, but there is little information about L. of different ages stages development. We evaluated prevalence load eggs, young old larvae, dark pupae, newly emerged, nurse forager from colonies that were passim-positive. use real-time PCR enabled us detect passim, ranging 21 100% almost all ages, with loads 1.91 x 101 7.39 105 cells equivalent per bee....

Insects have a highly sensitive sense of smell, allowing them to perform complex behaviors, such as foraging and peer recognition. Their smell is based on the recognition ligands mainly coordinated by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). In Apis mellifera, behavior can be affected different pathogens, including deformed wing virus (DWV) its variants. particular, it has been shown that variant A DWV (DWV-A) capable altering ultra-cellular structure associated with olfactory activity. this study...

Nematicidal activity of leaves common shrub and tree species from Southern Chile against Meloidogyne

Abstract It has been reported that insecticide‐detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione S‐transferases ( GST ) and esterases are affected by microbial infections in hemipteran insect vectors. The total protein content, α‐ β‐esterase activities were quantified ‘ C andidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’‐infected uninfected adults of A mplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong H emiptera: icadellidae) at 25, 35, 45 days after the acquisition access period AAP head‐thorax abdomen sections. content was...

Abstract The leafhopper A mplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong ( H emiptera: C icadellidae) can transmit ‘ andidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV‐A) from a native Chilean shrub, U gni molinae T urcz. M yrtaceae), to ryegrasses. recent study showed that this phytoplasma reduced the total protein content and activity of detoxifying enzymes in . , which could also affect its vector fitness. This evaluated effect on longevity, fecundity, body mass Both females males were exposed...

Las trampas pegajosas de colores son una las principales alternativas en la captura insectos vectores, debido a su bajo costo y fácil implementación. El objetivo fue comparar preferencias los altura colocación para posibles cicadélidos vectores fitopatógenos. Trampas amarillas verdes fueron colocadas plantas Gaultheria phillyreifolia dos distintas alturas. Se diferenciaron 17 especies cicadélidos, siendo Ribautiana tenerrima Herrich-Shäffer (49%), Carelmapu ramosi Linnavuori & DeLong,...

Lixadmontia franki Wood & Cave kills bromeliad-attacking weevils in the genus Metamasius. This parasitic fly is being investigated for its potential as a classical biological control agent of M. callizona (Chevrolat), which devastating native bromeliad flora south Florida. A continuous rearing method was developed based on fly’s host, quadrilineatus Champion, and species readily obtained from field. Levels parasitism 3rd instars slices Tillandsia standleyi L. B. Smith stems were equivalent...