Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are drawing interest from both technical and scientific communities. These electromechanical systems, much like microelectromechanical mostly operated in their resonant modes with dimensions the deep submicron. In this size regime, they come extremely high fundamental resonance frequencies, diminished active masses,and tolerable force constants; quality (Q) factors of range Q∼103–105—significantly higher than those electrical circuits. attributes...

Very high frequency (VHF) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) provide unprecedented sensitivity for inertial mass sensing. We demonstrate in situ measurements real time with noise floor approximately 20 zg. Our best resolution corresponds to 7 zg, equivalent 30 xenon atoms or the of an individual 4 kDa molecule. Detailed analysis ultimate such devices based on these experimental results indicates that NEMS can ultimately sensing intact, electrically neutral macromolecules single-Dalton (1...

Nanomechanical resonators can now be realized that achieve fundamental resonance frequencies exceeding 1 GHz, with quality factors (Q) in the range 1,000 - 100,000. The minuscule active masses of these devices, conjunction their high Qs, translate into unprecedented inertial mass sensitivities. This makes them natural candidates for a variety sensing applications. Here we evaluate ultimate sensitivity limits nanomechanical operating vacuo, which are imposed by number physical noise...

We describe the application of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) to ultrasensitive mass detection. In these experiments, a modulated flux atoms was adsorbed upon surface 32.8 MHz NEMS resonator within an ultrahigh vacuum environment. The mass-induced resonance frequency shifts by adsorbates were then measured ascertain sensitivity 2.53x10^-18 g. initial measurements, this is limited noise in displacement transducer; ultimate, limits technique are set fundamental phase processes. Our...

We report measurements of intrinsic dissipation in micron-sized suspended resonators machined from single crystals galium arsenide and silicon. In these experiments on high-frequency micromechanical resonators, designed to understand mechanisms dissipation, we explore dependence temperature, magnetic field, frequency, size. contrast most the previous acoustic attenuation crystalline amorphous structures this frequency range, ours is a resonant measurement; measured at natural frequencies...

SiC is an extremely promising material for nanoelectromechanical systems given its large Young's modulus and robust surface properties. We have patterned nanometer scale electromechanical resonators from single-crystal 3C-SiC layers grown epitaxially upon Si substrates. A nanomachining process described that involves electron beam lithography followed by dry anisotropic selective cyclotron resonance plasma etching steps. Measurements on a representative family of the resulting devices...

The lack of rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests adversely affects the treatment bacterial infections and contributes to increased prevalence multidrug resistant bacteria. Here, we describe an all-electrical approach that allows for ultra-sensitive measurement growth signals from only tens bacteria in a microfluidic device. Our device is essentially set channels, each with nano-constriction at one end cross-sectional dimensions close single bacterium. Flowing liquid sample (e.g., urine)...

Biomimetic on-chip tissue models serve as a powerful tool for studying human physiology and developing therapeutics; however, their modeling power is hindered by our inability to develop highly ordered functional structures in small length scales. Here, we demonstrate how high-precision fabrication can enable scaled-down of organ-level cardiac mechanical function. We use two-photon direct laser writing (TPDLW) fabricate nanoscale-resolution metamaterial scaffold with fine-tuned properties...

Here we describe all-electronic broadband motion detection in radio frequency nanomechanical resonators. Our technique relies upon the measurement of small motional capacitance changes using an LC impedance transformation network. We first demonstrate on a single doubly clamped beam resonator with side gate over wide range temperatures from 20 mK to 300 K. then apply accomplish multiplexed readout array individually addressable resonators, all embedded high-frequency circuit. This may find...

Nanomechanical motion of bacteria adhered to a chemically functionalized silicon surface is studied by means microcantilever. A non-specific binding agent used attach Escherichia coli (E. coli) the The microcantilever kept in liquid medium, and its nanomechanical fluctuations are monitored using an optical displacement transducer. couples efficiently well below resonance frequency, causing measurable increase fluctuations. In time domain, exhibit large-amplitude low-frequency oscillations....

Here we apply nanomechanical resonators to the study of oscillatory fluid dynamics. A high-resonance-frequency resonator generates a rapidly oscillating flow in surrounding gaseous environment; nature is studied through flow-resonator interaction. Over broad frequency and pressure range explored, observe signs transition from Newtonian non-Newtonian at omega tau approximately 1, where properly defined relaxation time. The obtained experimental data appear be close quantitative agreement with...

We describe a broadband radio frequency balanced bridge technique for electronic detection of displacement in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). With its two-port actuation-detection configuration, this approach generates background-nulled electromotive force dc magnetic field that is proportional to the NEMS resonator. demonstrate effectiveness by detecting small impedance changes originating from electromechanical resonances are accompanied large static background impedances at very...

Optical interferometric displacement detection techniques have recently found use in the study of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Here, we effectiveness these as relevant NEMS dimensions are reduced beyond optical wavelength used. We first demonstrate that cavities formed sacrificial gaps subwavelength enable enhanced sensitivity. In a second set measurements, show sensitivity conventional path-stabilized Michelson interferometry degrades rapidly diffraction limit. Both experiments...

How the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects progression of a localized tumor to invasion ECM and eventually vascular dissemination remains unclear. Although many studies have examined role in early stages progression, few considered subsequent that culminate intravasation. In current study, we developed three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic culture system captures entire process from an engineered human micro-tumor MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through type I collagen escape into...

We present in situ scanning tunneling microscopy topographs of Pb films, formed by vapor deposition onto cold $(T<20\mathrm{K})$, inert substrates, near their insulator to metal transition. At the critical mass deposited thickness for conduction, ${d}_{G}\ensuremath{\cong}5.2\mathrm{nm}$, films consist approximately two layers nanoclusters with diameter, $2r\ensuremath{\approx}20\mathrm{nm}$ and height, $3.5\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\le}5.5\mathrm{nm}$. discuss how nanocluster size...

We describe an optical knife-edge technique for nanomechanical displacement detection. Here, one carefully focuses a laser spot on moving edge and monitors the reflected power as is displaced sideways. To demonstrate detection using technique, we have measured in-plane resonances of nanometer scale doubly clamped beams. The obtained sensitivity in ∼1pm∕Hz range—in close agreement with simple analytical model.

Abstract Direct and non-invasive measurement of the pressure distribution in test sections a micro-channel is challenging, if not an impossible, task. Here, we present analytical method for extracting deformable under flow. Our based on channel deflection profile as function applied hydrostatic pressure; this initial generates ‘constitutive curves’ channel. The flow then matched to constitutive curves, providing hydrodynamic distribution. validated by measurements planar microfluidic...

Reliable operation of a miniaturized mechanical system requires that nanomechanical motion be transduced into electrical signals (and vice versa) with high fidelity and in robust manner. Progress transducer technologies is expected to impact numerous emerging future applications micro- and, especially, nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS NEMS); furthermore, high-precision measurements are broadly used study fundamental phenomena physics biology. Therefore, development transducers sensitivity...

Various nanomechanical movements of bacteria provide a signature bacterial viability. Most notably, have been observed to subside rapidly and dramatically when the are exposed effective antibiotics. Thus, monitoring movements, if performed with high fidelity, could offer path various clinical microbiological applications, including antibiotic susceptibility tests. Here, we introduce robust ultrasensitive electrical transduction technique for detecting bacteria. The is based on measuring...

Using two-photon direct laser writing, we developed a versatile platform to generate, scale, and study hiPSC-derived engineered heart tissues (EHTs) in various geometries, with the goal of promoting fiber alignment maturation EHTs.

Optical interferometry has found recent use in the detection of nanometer scale displacements nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). At reduced length NEMS, these measurements are strongly affected by diffraction light. Here, we present a rigorous numerical model optical interferometric displacement NEMS. Our combines finite element methods with Fourier optics to determine electromagnetic field near-field region NEMS and propagate this detector far field. The noise analysis based upon allows...