We present an experimental technique to generate partially coherent vortex beams with arbitrary azimuthal index using only a spatial light modulator. Our approach is based on digitally simulating the intrinsic randomness of broadband passing through spiral phase plate. illustrate versatility by generating different coherence lengths and orbital angular momentum content, without any moving optical device. Consequently, we study its cross-correlation function in wavefront folding...

Large quantum photonic systems hold promise for surpassing classical computational limits, yet their state preparation remains a challenge. We propose an alternative approach to study multiparticle dynamics by mapping the excitation mode of these physical properties Laguerre-Gauss modes. construct coherent states establishing direct link between number and evolution This highlights photon transverse spatial degree freedom as versatile platform testing fundamental aspects systems.

Abstract Encoding information in high-dimensional degrees of freedom photons has led to new avenues various quantum protocols such as communication and processing. Yet fully benefit from the increase dimension requires a deterministic detection system, e.g., reduce dependent photon loss key distribution. Recently, there been growing interest using vector vortex modes, spatial modes light with entangled freedom, basis for encoding information. However, is at present no method detect these...

Complex vector light modes, classically entangled in their spatial and polarization degrees of freedom (DoF), have become ubiquitous a vast diversity research fields. Crucially, while is limited to bi-dimensional space, the mode unbounded, it can be specified by any sets solutions wave equation support different coordinate systems. Here, we report on class beams with elliptical symmetry where DoF encoded Ince–Gaussian modes cylindrical coordinates. We outline geometric representation...

We introduce an effective optical system to produce beams with arbitrary, inhomogeneous polarization states. Using our system, we are capable of generating vector discretionarily chosen transverse complex fields in a straightforward way. generate several different instances well-known and the less common spirally polarized beams, as well full Poincaré beam. visually show continual transition between azimuthally radially via collection beams. experimentally determine states generated...

One of the most prominent features quantum entanglement is its invariability under local unitary transformations, which implies that degree or nonseparability remains constant during free-space propagation, true for both and classically entangled modes. Here we demonstrate an exception to this rule using a carefully engineered vectorial light field, study dynamics upon propagation. We show between spatial polarization degrees freedom dramatically decays zero while preserving purity state...

Paraxial propagation through isotropic, homogeneous, linear media exhibits invariance under rotations around the axis, a symmetry described by su(2) Lie algebra. We explore family of paraxial beams that exploit this symmetry, constructed as superpositions Laguerre-Gaussian (LGBs), serving optical analogs generalized SU(2) group coherent states. A single complex parameter controls smooth transition between and Hermite-Gaussian (HGBs), producing intermediate blend characteristics both...

The strong coupling between the spatial and polarisation degrees of freedom (DoF) in vector modes enables a diverse array exotic, inhomogeneous distributions through non-separable superposition, which are conventionally generated circular-cylindrical symmetry. Here, we theoretically experimentally demonstrate generalized class specified elliptical coordinates polarisation. This generalisation gives rise to an even larger set beams with more intricate distributions. Crucially, controlling...

Abstract Vector modes represent the most general state of light in which spatial and polarisation degrees freedom are coupled a non-separable way. Crucially, while is limited to bi-dimensional space, degree can take any profile. However, generation application techniques mainly with polar cylindrical symmetry, such as Laguerre– Bessel–Gauss modes. In this paper we put forward novel class vector whose encoded helical Mathieu–Gauss beams elliptical coordinates. We first introduce these...

Abstract Complex vector light fields have become a topic of late due to their exotic features, such as non-homogeneous transverse polarisation distributions and the non-separable coupling between spatial degrees freedom (DoF). In general, beams propagate in free space along straight lines, being Airy-vector vortex only known exception. Here, we introduce new family that exhibit novel properties not been observed before, ability freely accelerate parabolic trajectories. addition, distribution...

We present an experimental realization of the first iteration in Grover's quantum algorithm using classical light and linear optical elements. The serves to find entry marked by oracle unstructured database. In our scheme, states encoding database are represented helical modes generated means a Spatial Light Modulator, while marking corresponds π phase shift hidden mode. implementation then selectively amplifies intensity mode such that it can be revealed modal decomposition. core –...

In 1804, Thomas Young reported the observation of fringes in intensity light, and attributed it to concept interference between coherent sources. this paper, we revisit famous experiment show how can easily be demonstrated with digital holography. We look closely at light ask, “fringes what?” then that depending on interferes, fringe patterns observables other than seen. explain conceptually demonstrate experimentally. provide a holistic approach topic, aided by modern laboratory practices...

Abstract Vectorial forms of structured light that are non-separable in their spatial and polarisation degrees freedom have become topical late, with an extensive toolkit for creation control. In contrast, the quantifying non-separability, inhomogeneity structure, is less developed some cases fails altogether. To overcome this, here we introduce a new measure vectorial light, which demonstrate both theoretically experimentally. We consider general case where local homogeneity can vary...

We study the dynamics of polarization singularities in superposition two off-axis optical vortices with orthogonal states. The motion C points, states circular polarization, is described by varying parameters such as separation distance, constant phase difference and topological charge. analyze zeros Stokes find analytical solutions for particular cases. results could be used to realize an alternative method measure vortex

In this work, we propose and demonstrate experimentally a new family of vector beams, the helico-conical beams (HCVBs), whose spatial degree freedom is encoded in optical beams. We use Stokes polarimetry to study their properties find that upon propagation transverse polarization distribution evolves from nonhomogeneous quasihomogeneous, such even though global nonseparability remains constant, locally it decreases minimum value as z → ∞. corroborated quantitatively using Hellinger distance,...

A means to measure orbital angular momentum in a partially coherent beam is demonstrated by using wavefront folding interferometer. This interferometer allows us study the cross correlation function of vortex beam. It shown that possesses ring dislocations which are related topological charge vortex, exhibiting one correspondence between number rings and value charge, thus providing direct momentum.

We report on the study and generation of Ince-Gaussian beams in spatially partially coherent regime. The inherent random fluctuations both time space these fields make their characterization difficult. Our results show that cross-correlation function (CCF) provides insight into composition beam, as well its spatial coherence structure singularities. experimental findings are very good agreement with numerical simulations, particularly revealing a rich nodal lines CCF.

Recently, the study of structured light fields has attracted great interest, which includes their generation and characterization techniques, as well application. Most these techniques rely on use expensive devices, such liquid crystal spatial modulators or digital micromirror devices that also require specialized knowledge software. In this work, we present a scheme for producing low-cost amplitude holograms fields. We demonstrate feasibility technique by creating variety paraxial modes,...

Abstract We propose a technique to generate complex vector beams with high quality and stability. Our approach relies on the combination of amplitude modulation (CAM) on-axis modulation, two techniques that seem incompatible at first glance. The one produces scalar structured light fields in phase accuracy, while second is preferred for generating great stability although reduced quality. Specifically, idea behind our send shaped produced by CAM co-axially zeroth order, rather than...

We explore the Majorana stellar representation on Riemann sphere for optical scalar beams and vector fields, utilizing spin orbital angular momentum of light. In this framework, star constellations a Laguerre-Gaussian beam basis appear at poles sphere, while those fields correspond to well-defined circular polarizations. Leveraging su(2) symmetry momentum, we populate through generalized unitary rotations elements, producing analogs Bloch coherent states both fields. These position...

Abstract In this work, we present an introduction to the field of spatially partial coherent beams, while keeping in mind transverse structure optical field. We look closely at concept spatial coherence and show some strategies deal with it. work step–by–step reader construct as example, a partially vortex beam. Finally, using numerical simulations, richness is revealed through its cross–correlation function.