We present an experimental technique to generate partially coherent vortex beams with arbitrary azimuthal index using only a spatial light modulator. Our approach is based on digitally simulating the intrinsic randomness of broadband passing through spiral phase plate. illustrate versatility by generating different coherence lengths and orbital angular momentum content, without any moving optical device. Consequently, we study its cross-correlation function in wavefront folding...

Abstract Encoding information in high-dimensional degrees of freedom photons has led to new avenues various quantum protocols such as communication and processing. Yet fully benefit from the increase dimension requires a deterministic detection system, e.g., reduce dependent photon loss key distribution. Recently, there been growing interest using vector vortex modes, spatial modes light with entangled freedom, basis for encoding information. However, is at present no method detect these...

Rankine vortex characteristics of a partially coherent optical are explored using classical and physical optics. Unlike perfectly mode, the circulation is not quantized. Excess predicted owing to wave nature composite fields. Based on these findings, we propose stellar interferometer.

We introduce an effective optical system to produce beams with arbitrary, inhomogeneous polarization states. Using our system, we are capable of generating vector discretionarily chosen transverse complex fields in a straightforward way. generate several different instances well-known and the less common spirally polarized beams, as well full Poincaré beam. visually show continual transition between azimuthally radially via collection beams. experimentally determine states generated...

One of the most prominent features quantum entanglement is its invariability under local unitary transformations, which implies that degree or nonseparability remains constant during free-space propagation, true for both and classically entangled modes. Here we demonstrate an exception to this rule using a carefully engineered vectorial light field, study dynamics upon propagation. We show between spatial polarization degrees freedom dramatically decays zero while preserving purity state...

Abstract Vector modes represent the most general state of light in which spatial and polarisation degrees freedom are coupled a non-separable way. Crucially, while is limited to bi-dimensional space, degree can take any profile. However, generation application techniques mainly with polar cylindrical symmetry, such as Laguerre– Bessel–Gauss modes. In this paper we put forward novel class vector whose encoded helical Mathieu–Gauss beams elliptical coordinates. We first introduce these...

Abstract Complex vector light fields have become a topic of late due to their exotic features, such as non-homogeneous transverse polarisation distributions and the non-separable coupling between spatial degrees freedom (DoF). In general, beams propagate in free space along straight lines, being Airy-vector vortex only known exception. Here, we introduce new family that exhibit novel properties not been observed before, ability freely accelerate parabolic trajectories. addition, distribution...

We present an experimental realization of the first iteration in Grover's quantum algorithm using classical light and linear optical elements. The serves to find entry marked by oracle unstructured database. In our scheme, states encoding database are represented helical modes generated means a Spatial Light Modulator, while marking corresponds π phase shift hidden mode. implementation then selectively amplifies intensity mode such that it can be revealed modal decomposition. core –...

In 1804, Thomas Young reported the observation of fringes in intensity light, and attributed it to concept interference between coherent sources. this paper, we revisit famous experiment show how can easily be demonstrated with digital holography. We look closely at light ask, “fringes what?” then that depending on interferes, fringe patterns observables other than seen. explain conceptually demonstrate experimentally. provide a holistic approach topic, aided by modern laboratory practices...

Abstract Vectorial forms of structured light that are non-separable in their spatial and polarisation degrees freedom have become topical late, with an extensive toolkit for creation control. In contrast, the quantifying non-separability, inhomogeneity structure, is less developed some cases fails altogether. To overcome this, here we introduce a new measure vectorial light, which demonstrate both theoretically experimentally. We consider general case where local homogeneity can vary...

We introduce the generalized vector Helmholtz-Gauss (gVHzG) beams that constitute a general family of localized beam solutions Maxwell equations in paraxial domain. The propagation electromagnetic components through axisymmetric ABCD optical systems is expressed elegantly coordinate-free and closed-form expression fully characterized by transformation two independent complex parameters. transverse mathematical structure gVHzG form-invariant under transformations. Any with same waist size...

We study the dynamics of polarization singularities in superposition two off-axis optical vortices with orthogonal states. The motion C points, states circular polarization, is described by varying parameters such as separation distance, constant phase difference and topological charge. analyze zeros Stokes find analytical solutions for particular cases. results could be used to realize an alternative method measure vortex

A rigorous analysis of the unstable Bessel resonator with convex output coupler is presented. The Huygens–Fresnel self-consistency equation solved to extract first eigenmodes and eigenvalues cavity, taking into account finite apertures mirrors. Attention was directed dependence transverse profiles; losses; modal-frequency changes on curvature coupler, cavity length, angle axicon. Our revealed that while stable retains a Gaussian radial modulation rings, configuration exhibits more uniform...

We demonstrate an innovative technique based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase that can be used to determine whether optical system characterized by a Jones matrix is homogeneous or inhomogeneous, containing orthogonal nonorthogonal eigenpolarizations, respectively. Homogeneous systems have symmetric geometric morphology showing line dislocations and sets of polarization states with equal phase. In contrast, inhomogeneous exhibits singularities, where undetermined. The results show alternative...

A means to measure orbital angular momentum in a partially coherent beam is demonstrated by using wavefront folding interferometer. This interferometer allows us study the cross correlation function of vortex beam. It shown that possesses ring dislocations which are related topological charge vortex, exhibiting one correspondence between number rings and value charge, thus providing direct momentum.

We report on the study and generation of Ince-Gaussian beams in spatially partially coherent regime. The inherent random fluctuations both time space these fields make their characterization difficult. Our results show that cross-correlation function (CCF) provides insight into composition beam, as well its spatial coherence structure singularities. experimental findings are very good agreement with numerical simulations, particularly revealing a rich nodal lines CCF.

Recently, the study of structured light fields has attracted great interest, which includes their generation and characterization techniques, as well application. Most these techniques rely on use expensive devices, such liquid crystal spatial modulators or digital micromirror devices that also require specialized knowledge software. In this work, we present a scheme for producing low-cost amplitude holograms fields. We demonstrate feasibility technique by creating variety paraxial modes,...

Abstract In this work, we present an introduction to the field of spatially partial coherent beams, while keeping in mind transverse structure optical field. We look closely at concept spatial coherence and show some strategies deal with it. work step–by–step reader construct as example, a partially vortex beam. Finally, using numerical simulations, richness is revealed through its cross–correlation function.

We present a technically simple implementation of quantitative phase imaging in confocal microscopy based on synthetic optical holography with sinusoidal-phase reference waves. Using Mirau interference objective and low-amplitude vertical sample vibration piezo-controlled stage, we record holograms commercial microscopes (Nikon, model: A1R; Zeiss: LSM-880), from which images are reconstructed. demonstrate our technique by stain-free cervical (HeLa) ovarian (ES-2) cancer cells stem cell...

Quantum communication over long distances is integral to information security and has been demonstrated in free space fibre with two-dimensional polarisation states of light. Although increased bit rates can be achieved using high-dimensional encoding spatial modes light, the efficient detection remains a challenge realise full benefit state space. Here we exploit entanglement between polarization four-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol. We introduce scheme which employs...