Although much recent attention has focused on identifying domain-specific taxonomic differences in cognition, little effort been directed towards investigating whether domain-general also exist. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of published nonhuman primate cognition studies, testing the prediction that some taxa outperform others across range situations. First, within each nine experimental paradigms with interspecific variation, we grouped studies by their procedures and...

Macaques, like humans, rapidly orient their attention in the direction other individuals are looking. Both cortical and subcortical pathways have been proposed as neural mediators of social gaze following, but neither pathway has characterized electrophysiologically behaving animals. To address this gap, we recorded activity single neurons lateral intraparietal area (LIP) rhesus macaques to determine whether how might contribute following. A subset LIP mirrored observed by firing both when...

Much evidence indicates that men experienced an evolutionary history of physical competition, both one-on-one and in coalitions. We thus hypothesized that, compared to girls women, boys will possess a greater motivational predisposition be interested sports, especially team sports. According most scholars, advocacy groups, the United States courts, however, this hypothesis is challenged by modest sex differences organized school sports participation contemporary U.S., where females comprise...

Studies on nonelite distance runners suggest that men are more likely than women to slow their pace in a marathon.This study determined the reliability of sex difference pacing across many marathons and after adjusting women's performances by 12% address men's greater maximal oxygen uptake also incorporating information racing experience.Data were acquired from 14 US 2011 encompassed 91,929 performances. For 2929 runners, we obtained experience data race-aggregating Web site. We...

We know little about the processes by which we evaluate opportunity to look at another person. propose that behavioural economics provides a powerful approach understanding this basic aspect of social attention. hypothesized decision process culminating in attention person follows same economic principles govern choices rewards such as food, drinks and money. Specifically, are discounted function time, tradable for other rewards, reinforce work. Behavioural neurobiological evidence suggests...

Although girls and women in many societies avidly participate sports, they have been traditionally underrepresented compared with boys men. In this review, we address the apparent sex differences sports interest motivation from an evolutionary perspective. First, demonstrate that females’ underrepresentation generally reflects lesser interest, not merely fewer opportunities for engagement. Moreover, there is mounting evidence male female athletes differ their motivation, specifically...

Unequal proportions of male and female participants in exercise research might be attributed, part, to differences interest willingness participate. We tested if men women are equally interested willing undergo procedures they consider different factors when deciding Two samples completed an online survey. Sample 1 (129 men, 227 women) responded advertisements on social media survey-sharing websites. 2 (155 504 was comprised undergraduate psychology students. In both samples, were...

Although early comparative studies supported hypotheses that ecological demands selected for primate cognition, later work indicated social were more important. One difference between earlier and is scaled brain structures by (A) taking residuals from an interspecific regression of the structure in question on body mass, whereas them (B) another or (C) ratios to structure. We conducted a series tests explore possibility different methods are responsible discrepancy studies. Specifically, we...

Gaze cuing, the tendency to shift attention in direction other individuals are looking, is hypothesized depend on a distinct neural module. One expectation of such module that information processing should be encapsulated within it. Here, we tested whether familiarity, type social knowledge, penetrates circuits governing gaze cuing. Male and female subjects viewed face an adult male looking left or right then pressed keypad indicate location target appearing randomly right. Responses were...

Relative age effects (RAEs) occur when those who are relatively older for their group more likely to succeed. RAEs reliably in some educational and athletic contexts, yet the causal mechanisms remain unclear. Here we provide first direct test of one mechanism, selection bias, which can be defined as evaluators granting fewer opportunities younger individuals than is warranted by latent ability. Because well-established hockey, analyzed National Hockey League (NHL) drafts from 1980 2006....

Sports have been frequently explored in cross-cultural studies, yet scant attention has paid to female participation. Here we coded the occurrence of sports and related activities for males females societies comprising Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) probability sample. We then tested several predictions derived from evolutionary theory. As predicted, all 50 with documented sports, there were more male than sports; hunting combat almost exclusively activities; sex difference was greater...

Sport fandom has received considerable attention from social scientists, yet few have considered it an evolutionary perspective. To redress this gap, we develop the hypothesis that team sports exhibit characteristics activate mechanisms which evolved to facilitate development of coalitions in context small-scale warfare. Based on by-product hypothesis, predicted a correlation between and binding (i.e. group-relevant) concerns, especially loyalty. test prediction, administered Spectator...

Recent studies indicate that more men than women run fast relative to sex-specific world records and this sex difference has been historically stable in elite U.S. runners. These findings have hypothesized reflect an evolved male predisposition for enduring competitiveness “show-off” domains. The current study tests hypothesis non-elite runners by analyzing 342 road races occurred from 1981–2006, most or near Buffalo, NY. Both absolutely as a percentage of same-sex finishers, ran relatively...

Deaner, RO and Lowen, A. Males females pace differently in high school cross-country races. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 2991-2997, 2016-Previous studies have demonstrated that men are more likely than women to slow the marathon, but it is unknown whether sex difference pacing occurs for other race distances. This study addressed this question by analyzing 5-km Virginia State Championship years 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, which encompassed 3,948 performances. The measure was percentage change...

Evolutionary psychology has provoked controversy, especially when applied to human sex differences. We hypothesize that this is partly due misunderstandings of evolutionary are perpetuated by undergraduate and gender textbooks. As an initial test hypothesis, we develop a catalog eight types errors document their occurrence in 15 widely used Consistent with our the 12 textbooks discussed psychology, all contained at least one error, median number was five. The most common were “Straw Man,”...