BackgroundMaternal exposure to wood fuel smoke may lead impaired fetal growth due hypoxia and or oxidative stress from constituents such as carbon monoxide particulate matter.ObjectivesWe studied the risk of low birth weight (LBW) reduced mean in relation reported use for cooking during prenatal period, compared with natural gas (NG).MethodsWe a historical cohort women who had singleton live years 2000–2002, semirural area Pakistan. Infant's was obtained records, records data maternal body...

Summary Across multiply imputed data sets, variable selection methods such as stepwise regression and other criterion‐based strategies that include or exclude particular variables typically result in models with different selected predictors, thus presenting a problem for combining the results from separate complete‐data analyses. Here, drawing on Bayesian framework, we propose two alternative to address of choosing among linear when there are missing covariates. One approach, which call...

Monitoring inequalities in chronic disease prevalence and their preventive care can help build effective strategies to improve health equality. Using hypertension diabetes as a model, this study measures decomposes socioeconomic among Chinese adults aged 45 years older Shaanxi Province, an underdeveloped western region of China.Data 27,728 respondents who participated the fifth National Health Services Survey conducted 2013 Province were analyzed. The relative indexes based on Poisson...

Background: The impact of publicly reporting risk-adjusted outcomes for hospitals and surgeons remains controversial, with particular concern about unintended consequences. Objectives: We evaluated the 3 reports from voluntary California CABG Mortality Reporting Program (CCMRP) on hospital market share, mortality, patient selection coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Research Design Participants: analyzed data January 2000 to December 2005 all patients receiving isolated surgery in...

The Chinese government has long been committed to eliminating the inequality in utilization of health services; however, it still lacks an analysis or measurement economy-related women's services.The services women aged 15 years and above was assessed by horizontal inequity index a two-week outpatient rate annual inpatient from 5th National Health Service Survey Shaanxi Province. concentration each factor decomposed into contribution economic-related service based on Probit regression...

Abstract Background Family physician-contracted service (FPCs) has been recently implemented in Chinese primary care settings. This study was aimed at measuring the effects of FPCs on residents’ health-related quality life (HRQoL) and equity health among population. Methods The data drawn from 2018 household survey (Shaanxi Province, China) using multistage, stratified cluster random sampling. We measured HRQoL EQ-5D-3L based Chinese-specific time trade-off values set. Coarsened exact...

Background The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) showed significant reductions in death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) goal of <120 mm Hg compared SBP <140 Hg. Our study aimed to assess the applicability SPRINT Chinese adults. Additionally, we sought predict medical economic implications this intensive treatment among those meeting eligibility. Methods findings We used nationally representative baseline data from China...

Abstract To solve the problem of ‘Kan bing nan, kan gui’ (medical treatment is difficult to access and expensive), a Harvard‐led research team implemented community‐based health insurance scheme known as Rural Mutual Health Care (RMHC) in Chinese rural areas from 2004 2006. Two major policies adopted by RMHC included coverage outpatient services (demand‐side policy) drug policy (supply‐side policy). This paper focuses on effects these two service utilization village clinics. The data used...

Background Urban population in China is mainly covered by two medical insurance schemes: the Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) for urban employees formal sector and Resident (URBMI) left residents, unemployed, elderly children. This paper studies effects of UEBMI URBMI on health services utilisation Shaanxi Province, Western China. Methods Cross-sectional data from 4th National Health Services Survey - Province was studied. The propensity score matching coarsened exact methods have...

Objectives Non-communicable diseases, which can refer to chronic diseases that are not caused by infectious agents and endure for a long time, currently regarded as critical public health problem in China. This study aimed estimate the prevalences of self-reported physician-diagnosed among urban rural populations aged 15 years older Shaanxi Province, China, during 2003−2013 explore how these changes differ subpopulation. Methods Three independent cross-sectional surveys were implemented...

China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) enables insured citizens to enjoy the same benefit package by paying a flat-rate premium. However, it still remains uncertain whether economically disadvantaged enrollees receive insurance benefits that at least match those of non-disadvantaged enrollees. This article, therefore, estimates distribution under NCMS across economic groups and compares magnitude economic-related inequity changes in benefits. Data were drawn from two-wave large-scale...

Abstract Longitudinal data sets from certain fields of biomedical research often consist several variables repeatedly measured on each subject yielding a large number observations. This characteristic complicates the use traditional longitudinal modelling strategies, which were primarily developed for studies with relatively small repeated measures per subject. An innovative way to model such ‘wide’ is apply functional regression analysis, an emerging statistical approach in observations...

Disease has become one of the key causes falling into poverty in rural China. The poor households are even more likely to suffer. New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) been implemented provide residents financial protection against health risks. This study aims assess effect NCMS on alleviating payment-induced Shaanxi Province China.The data was drawn from 5th National Health Service Survey Province, conducted 2013. In total, 41,037 individuals covered by were selected. Poverty headcount...

Within the context of California's public report coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery outcomes, we first thoroughly review popular statistical methods for profiling healthcare providers. Extensive simulation studies are then conducted to compare schemes based on hierarchical logistic regression (LR) modeling under various conditions. Both Bayesian and frequentist's evaluated in classifying hospitals into 'better', 'normal' or 'worse' service The results suggest that no single method...

Objective This study sought to examine the sources of inequity in health examination service utilization by women from underdeveloped areas western China. Methods Based on data 5th National Health Service Survey Shaanxi province, women's services was examined according gynecological, cervical smear, and breast rates. The equity 15- 64-year-old factors contributing were determined using concentration index, decomposition horizontal index. Results rates for exams province 40.61%, 27.08%,...

Longitudinal data sets in biomedical research often consist of large numbers repeated measures. In many cases, the trajectories do not look globally linear or polynomial, making it difficult to summarize test hypotheses using standard longitudinal analysis based on various models. An alternative approach is apply approaches functional analysis, which directly target continuous nonlinear curves underlying discretely sampled For purposes exploration, strategies have been developed schemes...

Functional linear models are useful in analyzing data from designed experiments and observational studies with functional responses, as well longitudinal a large number of repeated measures on each subject. We propose quasi F ‐test for covariates outcomes. develop numerical procedure an efficient approximation computing p ‐values, present simple way to test individual predictors. For illustration, we apply the proposed depression set repeatedly measured methamphetamine use predictor. conduct...

High out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for chronic disease care often contribute directly to household poverty. Although previous studies have explored the determinants of impoverishment in China, few published compared levels before and after New Health Care Reform (NHCR) households with members diseases (hereafter referred as households). Our study this using data from fourth fifth National Service Surveys conducted Shaanxi Province. In total, 1938 2008 7700 2013 were included analysis. Rates...

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. NCDs affect health status and quality life. In addition, continuous treatment expenses place a heavy economic burden on families huge losses to society. The prevention reduction their key public issues. Considering middle-aged older adult people as focus, basic socio-demographic characteristics behavior this group, pooled cross-sections regression model was then used analyze main factors affecting direct burden....

The multiple imputation technique has proven to be a useful tool in missing data analysis. We propose Markov chain Monte Carlo method conduct for incomplete correlated ordinal using the multivariate probit model. thorough simulation study compare performance of our proposed with two available methods – normal-based and equation various scenarios. For illustration, we present an application from smoking cessation treatment low-income community corrections smokers.