Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but it is unknown whether prone positioning improves outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with moderate severe ARDS due COVID-19.A cohort study at a New York City hospital the peak of early pandemic United States, under crisis conditions. The aim was determine benefit COVID-19. primary outcome in-hospital death. Secondary included changes physiologic parameters. Fine-Gray competing risks models...

Within 3 weeks of the event, 505 patients with cerebral infarction, minor or major stroke, were randomly assigned to treatment acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 1.5 g/day placebo in a double-blind clinical trial follow-up 2 years all patients. Primary events considered be recurrent stroke death; secondary events, myocardial infarction and transient ischemic attack. There was no difference recurrence rate ASA groups (12 13%, respectively), nor there any significant death, first event counted (23%...

Invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) incidence in the United States is higher among black persons than white persons. We explored extent to which socioeconomic factors might explain this racial disparity. A retrospective cohort was based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Emerging Infections Program surveillance data invasive MRSA cases (isolated from a normally sterile site of an outpatient or hospital admission day ≤3 patient without...

Arterial blood oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (peripheral (SpO2)) may be differentially less accurate for people with darker skin pigmentation, which could potentially affect the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. We analyzed oximeter accuracy and its association COVID-19 treatment outcomes using electronic health record data from Sutter Health, a large, mixed-payer, integrated health-care delivery system in Northern California. 2 cohorts: 1) 43,753...

Trans women experience high rates of gender-based violence (GBV)-a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Transphobic hate crimes are one such form GBV that affect trans women. However, little is understood about factors shape transphobic and racial/ethnic variation in these experiences. To contextualize police reporting, we examined self-reported types correlates by group the San Francisco Bay Area.From 2016 to 2018, participated a longitudinal cohort study HIV. Secondary data analyses (N...

Abstract LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals have higher rates of tobacco alcohol use than the general population. While protective social policies been found to reduce these disparities, their long-term impact remains largely unknown. In this study, we used data from waves 3 (2001–2002) 4 (2008–2009) National Longitudinal Study Adolescent Adult Health assess exposure state policy protections during emerging adulthood on substance in young adulthood. Using multivariable Poisson...

Despite increasing political will to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), there is a paucity of empiric data describing what health system indicators are useful surrogates country-level progress towards UHC. We sought determine public interventions were tracers UHC progress.Across 183 countries we evaluated the extent which 16 service delivery explained variability in Service Index, (UHC SCI) WHO-validated indicator coverage. Dominance analyses, stratifying by World Bank income criteria,...

Existing literature on people experiencing homelessness (PEH) draws non-representative samples from service providers, populations with comorbidities, or areas disproportionately high sheltered homelessness, leading to bias. Nearly a third of PEH in the US and over half unsheltered live California. We designed rigorous state-representative survey investigate antecedents understand health, inform policy solutions. The multistage design randomized at three levels: county, venue, individual....

Objectives. To examine differences in HIV prevalence and experiences of discrimination within the trans women community California's San Francisco Bay Area.Methods. Intersectional positions were constructed on basis race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Latina) gender identity (female identifying, transgender identifying). We used baseline data from Trans*National study (2016-2017) to construct regression models that estimated racial/ethnic attribution experienced and,...

The multiplier method is one of the most frequently used population size estimation (PSE) methods for key populations, yet estimates from this are often inconsistent with each other, other PSE and local knowledge. We developed a novel Bayesian approach, 'Anchored Multiplier', which synthesizes multipliers coupled to an priori estimate arrive at single consensus credible range.Data were collected three cross-sectional bio-behavioural surveillance studies people who inject drugs (PWID) in San...

Abstract BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but it is unknown whether prone positioning improves outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with moderate severe ARDS due COVID-19.METHODS: A cohort study at a New York City hospital the peak of early pandemic United States, under crisis conditions. The aim was determine benefit COVID-19. primary outcome in-hospital death. Secondary included changes physiologic parameters....

COVID-19 has caused tremendous death and suffering since it first emerged in 2019. Soon after its emergence, models were developed to help predict the course of various disease metrics, these have been relied upon guide public health policy.Here we present a method called COVIDNearTerm "forecast" hospitalizations short term, two four weeks from time prediction. is based on an autoregressive model utilizes parametric bootstrap approach make predictions. It easy use as requires only previous...

Purpose: To estimate the number of adult transgender women (TGW) in San Francisco and to provide an example how estimation can be conducted.Methods: Using nine different services accessed by TGW population, service multiplier, integrated into a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey TGW, was used calculate estimates population Francisco. Both successive method, also RDS proportion from literature each calculated additional population. The median all 11 present single Francisco.Results: 978...

US Latinx populations are disproportionally affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with higher rates of infection and associated morbidity mortality.1 Although often treated as homogeneous, members communities vary national origin, immigration status, language.2 Oakland, California, is home to many individuals an estimated 10 000 Mayan individuals, whom speak Indigenous languages.3 Early in community-based organizations (CBOs) observed a high frequency infections among general even...

Introduction Mapping and population size estimates of people who inject drugs (PWID) provide information needed for monitoring coverage programs planning interventions. The objectives this study were to the locations numbers PWID in eight cities Afghanistan extrapolate country as a whole. Methods Multiple estimation methods used, including key informant interviews mapping enumeration with reverse tracking, unique object service multipliers, capture-recapture, wisdom crowds. results several...

There is a paucity of empiric data evaluating whether Tuberculosis (TB) useful surrogate measure for Universal Health Coverage (UHC), despite recognition the importance TB control efforts as part broader UHC agenda. We hypothesized that indicators burden and coverage are sensitive tracers UHC, when compared to other disease-specific service provision.Linear regression models were used determine extent which variability in Service Index (SCI) was accounted by (1) incidence rates (2) mortality...

Abstract Forest-going populations are key to malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) and therefore targeted for elimination efforts. Estimating size of this population is essential programs assess, track achieve their goals. Leveraging data from three cross-sectional household surveys one survey among forest-goers, high-risk a southern province Lao PDR between December 2017 November 2018 was estimated by two methods: population-based capture–recapture. During first month...

Abstract Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a potential strategy for addressing challenges in accurate estimation of abortion incidence, but it relies on often untested assumptions. We conducted an RDS study to estimate the cumulative lifetime incidence Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa (April–December 2018), evaluate whether assumptions were met, and compare estimates with adjusted employment age based census data. A total 849 participants recruited from 11 seed between April December...

Estimating the number of people in hidden populations is needed for public health research, yet available methods produce highly variable and uncertain results. The Anchored Multiplier calculator uses a Bayesian framework to synthesize multiple population size estimates generate consensus estimate. Users submit point lower/upper bounds which are converted beta probability distributions combined form single posterior distribution. as web browser-based application. software allows unlimited...