To investigate individual differences in creativity as measured with a complex problem-solving task, we developed computational model of the remote associates test (RAT). For 50 years, RAT has been used to measure creativity. Each question presents three cue words that are linked by fourth word, which is correct answer. We hypothesized individuals perform poorly on when they biased consider high-frequency candidate answers. assess this hypothesis, tested 48 questions and required speeded...

In most recognition models a decision is based on global measure often termed familiarity. However, response criterion free to vary across lists varying in length and strength, making familiarity changes immeasurable. We presented single list with mixture of exemplars from many categories, so that the would be unlikely or strength category test item. False alarms rose but not suggesting does change much other items grows when additional are studied. The results were well fit by an extension...

Three experiments used the "list-before-the-last" free recall paradigm (Shiffrin, 1970) to investigate retrieval for context and manner in which changes. This manipulates target intervening list lengths measure interference from each list, providing a of isolation. Correct was only affected by length when participants engaged between lists, whereas there were effects both with other activities. suggests that act recalling drives change, thus isolating interference. Correspondingly, incorrect...

The current study compared three models of recognition memory in their ability to generalize across yes/no and two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) testing.The unequal-variance signal-detection model assumes a continuous strength process.The dual-process adds threshold-like-recollection process familiarity mixture signaldetection process, but the old item distribution consists two distributions with different means.Prior efforts comparing characterize data from both test formats did not...

Memory suppression is investigated with the no-think paradigm, which produces forgetting following repeated practice of not thinking about a memory [Anderson MC, Green C (2001) Nature 410:366-369]. Because forgotten item retrieved even when tested an independent, semantically related cue, it has been assumed that this due to inhibition process. However, conclusion based on single stage recall, whereas global models, produce through process interference, include both sampling and recovery...

Responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence (ROUSE) is a theory short-term priming applied to associative, orthographic-phonemic, and repetition priming. In our studies, perceptual identification measured two-alternative forced-choice testing. ROUSE assumes features activated by primes are confused those the target. A near-optimal decision discounts arising from such shared features. Too little discounting explains finding that primed words were preferred after passive viewing...

Abstract Perceptual input changes constantly in an unpredictable fashion, often changing before our somewhat sluggish perceptual systems have adequately processed this input. This can give rise to source confusion —how do we know whether a given activation is due the current input, or previous that had yet be completely processed? We propose activity‐dependent neural accommodation naturally limits by suppressing items once they been identified. review behavioral paradigms from different...

Five experiments explored the effects of immediate repetition priming on episodic recognition (the "Jacoby-Whitehouse effect") as measured with forced-choice testing. These confirmed key predictions a model adapted from D. E. Huber and R. C. O'Reilly's (2003) dynamic neural network perception. In this model, short prime durations pre-activate primed items, enhancing perceptual fluency familiarity, whereas long result in habituation, causing disfluency less familiarity. Short duration primes...

Three forced-choice perceptual word identification experiments tested the claim that transitions from positive to negative priming as a function of increasing prime duration are due cognitive aftereffects. These aftereffects similar in nature produce image overexposure and habituation stimulus. Each experiment critical predictions come including dynamic neural network with multiple levels processing. The success this account explaining dynamics repetition priming, associative-semantic...

We present a signal detection-like model termed the stochastic detection and retrieval (SDRM) for use in studying metacognition. Focusing on paradigms that relate (e.g., recall or recognition) confidence judgments, SDRM measures (1) variance process, (2) (3) extent to which different sources of information underlie each response, (4) simple bias (i.e., increasing decreasing criteria across conditions), (5) metacognitive contraction expansion conditions). In metacognition literature, gamma...

We report an experiment that compared two explanations for the effect of congruency between a word's on screen spatial position and its meaning. On one account, is explained by match mental simulation Alternatively, polarity alignment principle. To distinguish these accounts we presented same object names (e.g., shark, helicopter) in sky decision task or ocean task, such response typical location were disentangled. Sky responses faster to words at top bottom screen, but reverse was found...

The testing effect is a well-established phenomenon in which memory better for information that has been enhanced through practice tests rather than restudying. However, this studied almost exclusively with verbal or semantically meaningful material. We explored whether the holds abstract visual material lacks both meaning and labels. In series of six experiments, no evidence was found. Each experiment changed nature test different ways were designed to bolster relative restudy, such as...

The decision-making process of jurors is complex, and likely retrieve personal information knowledge to make sense the case. We test hypothesis that perceived realism underpins case strength decisions, where reflects a good match between retrieved information. To assess how affects juror jury-eligible subjects (N = 83) read mock criminal cases, rating each Participants also reported their ability recall similar (autobiographical recall), cases (factual Perceived was most influential...

<b>Objective: </b> To characterize the clinical value of an fMRI task activating amygdala in controls and patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). <b>Methods: A fearful face paradigm using video sequences was developed investigated 17 (12 had MTLE [6 right- 6 left-sided]) healthy control subjects. Reproducibility demonstrated by reimaging 12 In addition, parahippocampal activation measured Roland's Hometown Walking Task within same session all nine <b>Results: led to significant...

To assess the nature of top-down perceptual processes without contamination from bottom-up input, this functional MRI study investigated face detection in pure noise images. Greater activation was revealed for versus nonface responses fusiform area, but not occipital area. Across participants, positive correlations were found degree greater face-detection between area and bilateral inferior frontal gyri, suggesting a pathway generating expectations. In contrast, medial frontal, parietal,...

Even without feedback, test practice enhances delayed performance compared to study practice, but the size of effect is variable across studies. We investigated benefit testing, separating initially retrievable items from nonretrievable items. In two experiments, an initial determined item retrievability. Retrievable or were subsequently presented for repeated practice. Collapsing items, in Experiment 1, we obtained typical cross-over interaction between retention interval and type. For...

The brain constantly generates predictions about the environment to guide action. Unexpected events lead surprise and can necessitate modification of ongoing behavior. Surprise occur for any sensory domain, but it is not clear how these separate signals are integrated affect motor output. By applying a trial-to-trial Bayesian model human electroencephalography data recorded during cross-modal oddball task, we tested whether there predictive models different modalities (visual, auditory), or...