Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-hexanethiol is applied on copper (Cu) surface to retard oxidation during exposure in the ambient. This SAM layer can be desorbed effectively with an annealing step inert N2 ambient provide a clean Cu surface. Using this passivation method SAM, wafers covered thin are passivated, stored, desorbed, and bonded at 250 °C. The presents clear evidence substantial interdiffusion grain growth despite prolonged proven effective further optimized enable high quality...

The variability of wind power will be an increasing challenge for the system as penetration grows and thus needs to studied. In this paper a model generation hourly aggregated time series is described evaluated. based on MERRA reanalysis data information energy converters in Sweden. Installed capacity during studied period (2007–2012) increased from around 600 over 3500 MW. When comparing with Swedish TSO, mean absolute error was 2.9% RMS 3.8%. able adequately capture step changes also...

In the next decades, dependencies on power production from renewable energy sources are expected to increase dramatically. A transition towards large-scale offshore wind farms together with an increased electrification of industry and transportation sectors introduces new vulnerabilities society. Further, extreme weather events in intensity frequency, driven by climate change. However, there significant knowledge gaps concerning impacts severe conditions resilience systems large wind....

To reduce the vulnerability of power grids to high impact low probability (HILP) events, analysis methods can be applied quantify criticality nodes in grid. The method implemented this article is one originating from complex network theory. It used structural an open-source transmission grid model representing Nordic analytical measures are clustering coefficient and betweenness, closeness, degree, combined centrality, which weighted with respect estimated values lines' series reactance....

Anomalies are reported in total and diffuse reflectance values obtained from measurements on structured samples with a double-beam integrating sphere. It is demonstrated that these anomalies caused by an interplay between the sample structure geometric sphere imperfections. The causes confinement of which may suffer port losses as well erroneously high signal levels. This can lead to deviations recorded 50%.

Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkane-thiol is employed to passivate Cu surface in an attempt preserve its cleanliness. Alkane-thiol molecules can self-assemble readily onto the forming a densely packed monolayer. SAM formed on found be able retard oxidation and degree protection enhanced by with longer carbon chain length. prone partial degradation ambient air desorbed thermal annealing at moderate temperature (<300°C). passivated wafers are bonded after pre-bonding anneal step desorb...

Strong scattering, which exhibits a conspicuous wavelength dependence, has been experimentally observed from certain oxidized metals. A model is presented combines the effects of interface illumination in new normalization procedure with scalar scattering reduction Fresnel reflectance coefficients. The used to calculate specular and diffuse part hemispheric double layer, oxide thickness rms roughness as input parameters. results give qualitatively correct spectral variation underline...

Thermal characteristics of InP-Al2O3/Si bonding for photonic integrated circuits application have been reported in this work. This paper firstly demonstrates low temperature heterogeneous direct assisted by a thin layer high-κ dielectric material (Al2O3). The InP samples with epitaxial growth are bonded to Al2O3 coated Si wafer at 250°C under pressure 3 MPa 10 hours vacuum (∼2.5 × 10−4 mbar) ambient. Focused ion beam (FIB) results show an excellent interface and no voids observed. Compared...

Abstract In a future energy system based on renewable sources, wave will most likely play role due to its high potential and low intermittency. The power production from parks of converters point absorber type has been extensively studied. This is also the case for resource at many coastal areas around globe. Wave not yet reached commercial level, large variety technologies exist; therefore, an established method calculate technical still established. To estimate conversion, some...

Abstract In wind integration studies, sub‐hourly, load synchronous data are often preferable. These datasets can be generated by a hybrid approach, combining hourly measurements or output from meteorological models with stochastic simulation of the high‐frequency fluctuations. This paper presents method for simulating aggregated intra‐hourly power fluctuations system, taking into account time‐varying volatility seen in measurements. Some key elements modelling were transformations to...

Transformer oil and oil-impregnated pressboard are major insulating materials in a HVDC (high voltage direct current) converter transformer which provides electrical power transformation between an AC DC system. However, the dc component on valve side of gives rise to special conditions, regarding space charge for example, materials. In this paper, relationship moisture was investigated under fields at room temperature. Formation, accumulation distribution were studied using PWP (pressure...

The problem of determining the roughness SiO2/Si interface is treated. A model used based on Fresnel formalism and scalar scattering theory. resulting formulas express diffuse reflectance as a function optical constants two materials, oxide thickness rms interfaces. Using values adjustable parameters, quantitative information about obtained from spectra for an double layer. Excellent agreement between calculated experimental 9.0 nm at front surface 2.2 substrate case low-pressure...