Neurons are highly polarized cells that require continuous turnover of membrane proteins at axon terminals to develop, function, and survive. Yet, it is still unclear whether protein degradation requires transport back the cell body or also occurs locally terminal, where live observation sorting has remained a challenge. Here, we report direct two cargo-specific mechanisms based on live-imaging approach in intact Drosophila brains. We show different acidification-sensing cargo probes sorted...

Babbling bats A notable aspect of language development in humans is the babbling stage. During this time, toddlers make a range specific sounds as they practice and imitate adult speech. Humans are not only vocal learners, however, so might we expect such among others? Fernandez et al . recorded vocalizations sac-winged bat pups wild found clear evidence that was consistent with seen humans. The shared components suggest learning may have similar mechanisms across wide array mammalian species. —SNV

Rhythm. What is it? We all have an intuitive understanding of rhythm: The term used widely to describe temporal structures any kind. These range from the rhythm tides, or seasons, random - yet rhythmic drumming rain on our windowsill, movements animals, heartbeats breathing, captivating a skilled drummer. As yet, "rhythm" lacks established technical usage in behavioral biology and other research fields has therefore been applied wide phenomena domain. This scope lack terminological...

Research on the rhythmic communication (RC) of nonhuman animals is undergoing a period great effervescence and expansion. Here, we synthesize this rapidly growing literature with aim mapping RC forms usage contexts in an unprecedented diversity taxa, spanning insects, fish, frogs, birds mammals. We see as first large-scale effort toward charting functional structural traits order to identify taxon-specific shared motifs and, thus, preliminary evolutionary trends. Our synthesis shows that all...

Animal vocal communication often relies on call sequences. The temporal patterns of such sequences can be adjusted to other callers, follow complex rhythmic structures or exhibit a metronome-like pattern (i.e., isochronous). How regular are the in animal signals, and what influences their precision? If present, rhythms already there early ontogeny? Here, we describe an exploratory study Cape fur seal (

Abstract Rhythmicity in the millisecond to second range is a fundamental building block of communication and coordinated movement. But how widespread are rhythmic capacities across species, did they evolve under different environmental pressures? Comparative research necessary answer these questions but has been hindered by limited crosstalk comparability among results from study species. Most acoustics studies do not explicitly focus on characterising or quantifying rhythm, many just few...

Rhythm is an essential component of human speech and music but very little known about its evolutionary origin distribution in animal vocalizations. We found a regular rhythm three multisyllabic vocalization types (echolocation call sequences, male territorial songs pup isolation calls) the neotropical bat Saccopteryx bilineata . The intervals between element onsets were used to fit for each individual. For echolocation we expected frequencies around 6–24 Hz, corresponding wingbeat S. which...

Analyzing the rhythm of animals' acoustic signals is interest to a growing number researchers: evolutionary biologists want disentangle how these structures evolved and what patterns can be found, ecologists conservation aim discriminate cryptic species on basis parameters such as temporal structures. Temporal are also relevant for research vocal production learning, part which animal learn structure. These structures, in other words, rhythms, topic this paper. How they investigated...

In animals, the rhythmical properties of calls are known to be shaped by physical constraints and necessity conveying information. As a consequence, investigating in relation different environmental conditions can help shed light on relationship between environment species behavior from an evolutionary perspective. Sciaena umbra (fam. Sciaenidae) male fish emit reproductive characterized simple isochronous, i.e., metronome-like rhythm (the so-called R-pattern). Here, S . R-pattern were...

Abstract Bats emit echolocation calls to orientate in their predominantly dark environment. Recording of species‐specific can facilitate species identification, especially when mist netting is not feasible. However, some taxa, such as Myotis bats be hard distinguish acoustically. In crowded situations where many individuals overlap, the subtle differences between are additionally attenuated. Here, we sought noninvasively study phenology during autumn swarming at a prominent hibernaculum. To...

Biological structures are defined by rigid elements, such as bones, and elastic like muscles membranes. Computer vision advances have enabled automatic tracking of moving animal skeletal poses. Such developments provide insights into complex time-varying dynamics biological motion. Conversely, the soft-tissues organisms, nose elephant seals, or buccal sac frogs, poorly studied no computer methods been proposed. This leaves major gaps in different areas biology. In primatology, most...

Abstract Humans often vocalize while concurrently gesturing with their hands. Fluctuations in the intensity and tone of voice have been shown to synchronize gestural upper limb movement. This research provides direct evidence that interactions between arm movements postural muscle activity cause these voicing fluctuations. We show specific muscles (e.g., pectoralis major, erector spinae), associated movement anticipations, are especially likely interact voice. Adding mass increased this...

We have used a lately established workflow to quantify rhythms of three fish sound types recorded in different areas the Mediterranean Sea. So far, temporal structure sequences has only been described qualitatively. Here, we propose standardized approach them, opening path for assessment and comparison an often underestimated but potentially critical aspect sounds. Our is based on analysis inter-onset-intervals (IOIs), intervals between start one element next. calculate exact beats sequence...

Abstract The temporal structure of animals’ acoustic signals can inform about context, urgency, species, individual identity, or geographical origin. We present three independent ideas to further expand the applicability rhythm analysis for isochronous, that is, metronome‐like, rhythms. A description a beat needs include its goodness fit, meaning how well describes sequence. Existing goodness‐of‐fit values are not comparable between methods and datasets. Furthermore, they strongly correlated...

ABSTRACT Voice production can be a whole-body affair: Upper limb movements physically impact the voice in steady-state vocalization, speaking, and singing. This is supposedly due to biomechanical impulses on chest-wall, affecting subglottal pressure. Unveiling such biomechanics important, as humans gesture with their hands synchronized way speaking. Here we assess interactions between arm voice, by measurement of key (respiratory-related) muscles electromyography (EMG) during different types...

Abstract Male frog advertisement calls are species‐specific vocalizations used to attract females for breeding. However, it is possible environmental or biological sounds overlap these in both frequency and duration resulting signal confusion, influencing female decision and/or location abilities. It therefore important vocal species competing the same acoustic space partition their either spatially temporally (via call alternation suppression). previously isolated from each other may not...

Biological structures are defined by elements like bones and cartilage, elastic muscles membranes. Computer vision advances have enabled automatic tracking of moving animal skeletal poses. Such developments put us on the verge gaining insights in complex dynamics otherwise studied more static terms (e.g., images). However, soft-tissues organisms, nose Elephant seals, or buccal sac frogs, been poorly studiedand no computer methods proposed. This leaves major gaps different areas biology. In...