The splotch (Sp) mouse mutant displays defects in neural tube closure the form of exencephaly and spina bifida. Recently, mutations Pax-3 gene have been described radiation-induced Spr Sp2H alleles. This led us to examine integrity its cellular mRNA transcript original, spontaneously arising Sp allele. A complex mutation including an A-->T transversion at invariant 3' AG splice acceptor intron 3 was identified Sp/Sp mutant. genomic abrogates normal splicing 3, resulting generation four...

Abstract It is thought that CA3 pyramidal neurons communicate mainly through bursts of spikes rather than so‐called trains regular firing action potentials. Reports both burst and nonburst cells suggest they may fire with more one output pattern. With the use whole‐cell recording methods we studied properties rat hippocampal in vitro within CA3b subregion found three distinct types patterns. Approximately 37% were where generated by minimal current injection (rheobase) elicited a short...

The small GTPase Rab7 is a key regulator of endosomal maturation in eukaryotic cells. Mutations rab7 are thought to cause the dominant neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B (CMT2B) by gain-of-function mechanism. Here we show that loss rab7, but not overexpression CMT2B mutants, causes adult-onset neurodegeneration Drosophila model. All mutant proteins retain 10–50% function based on quantitative imaging, electrophysiology, and rescue experiments sensory motor neurons vivo. Consequently,...

Neurons are highly polarized cells that require continuous turnover of membrane proteins at axon terminals to develop, function, and survive. Yet, it is still unclear whether protein degradation requires transport back the cell body or also occurs locally terminal, where live observation sorting has remained a challenge. Here, we report direct two cargo-specific mechanisms based on live-imaging approach in intact Drosophila brains. We show different acidification-sensing cargo probes sorted...

Post-mortem studies have suggested a link between the thalamus, psychiatric disorders, and suicide. We evaluated thalamus anterior thalamic radiations (ATR) in group of Veterans with without history suicidal behavior (SB) to determine if abnormalities were associated an increased risk SB. Forty mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) no SB (TBI-SB), 19 TBI (TB + SB), 15 healthy controls (HC) underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning including structural diffusion tensor scan. SBs utilizing...

Most chemical neurotransmission occurs through Ca2+-dependent evoked or spontaneous vesicle exocytosis. In both cases, Ca2+ sensing is thought to occur shortly before this paper, we provide evidence that the dependence of release may partly result from an earlier requirement for assembly soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. We show neuronal vacuolar-type H+-adenosine triphosphatase V0 subunit a1 (V100) can regulate formation SNARE complexes...

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students in United States, and percentage reporting suicidal thoughts increasing. Nevertheless, many at risk do not seek mental health (MH) services. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) examined efficacy Electronic Bridge to Mental Health for College Students (eBridge) increasing at-risk students' linkage MH

Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are the core proteins in membrane fusion. The neuron-specific synaptic v-SNARE n-syb (neuronal Synaptobrevin) plays a key role during vesicle exocytosis. In this paper, we report that loss of caused slow neurodegeneration independent its neurotransmitter release adult Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptor neurons. addition to vesicles, n-Syb localized endosomal vesicles. Loss lead accumulations, transmembrane degradation defects, and...

Abstract Introduction Although mild traumatic brain injury ( mTBI ) comprises 80% of all TBI , the morphological examination orbitofrontal cortex OFC in relation to clinical symptoms such as aggression, anxiety and depression a strictly sample has never before been performed. Objectives The primary objective study was determine if patients would show differences morphology this region relate symptoms. Methods Using structural images acquired 3T MRI machine, cortical thickness volume...

A regional climate model including a physically based parameterization of the subgrid effects topography on clouds and precipitation is driven by observed meteorology its lateral boundaries for period 12 months. The simulated each elevation class distributed across mountain watershed according to surface within watershed. used drive detailed hydrology‐vegetation dynamics at topographic scale described digital data, 180 m. model, which includes two‐layer canopy evapotranspiration, an...

Although aggregate data on party competition in Brazil seem hopeful, unsettling trends appear state-level systems the years of consolidation Brazilian democracy (the period this article examines extends through 2002 elections), such as instability and fragmentation, which exceed extent problems apparent at national level. These hamper informational role parties can play for voters picking from a large number candidates. While other possible explanations shed little light these problems,...

The use of deterministic atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) to understand potential global climate change under doubled CO2 forcing has prompted a need for better understanding local hydrologic impacts. Incongruities in model resolutions do not allow GCM output be directly used as the smaller‐scale models. In this work, daily spatial disaggregation techniques are applied upper Rio Grande basin Colorado, simulating temperature and precipitation regimes, preserving covariance...

Proteins which contain y-carboxyglutamic acid can be tritium-labeled with high specificity and without destruction of protein covalent structure.The labeling procedure is based on rapid exchange the y-carboxyglutamate y-proton water at pH values below 5 far slower above 8.By proteins 3Hz0 followed by labile incorporated protons in unlabeled 0.1 M NH,OH, over 100-fold more tritium introduced into prothrombin vitamin K-dependent bone than any control tested.Incorporation

Executive elections have returned to Russia’s regions after eight years, during which time gubernatorial positions at the subnational level were filled by presidential appointment. These are critically important for ruling Russia, and thus controlling them is no less Kremlin now than they in 2004 when Putin abolished these order strengthen vlast’ vertikal . Although only 13 held executive this new era, has won every contest. This paper examines an aspect of how maintains such electoral...

We introduce a formal scheduling methodology for batch processes based on fuzzy logic theory. In particular, we present this in the manufacturing context. Our approach takes into account most, if not all, relevant factors problem and models them as sets. model developed factory process scheduling, inputs include "literal" job priority, job's critical ratio, length of each queue, current relative position its flow, etc. The outputs effective priority value upon which decisions are made. On...