Abstract High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), originally characterized as a nuclear DNA-binding protein, has also been described to have an extracellular role when it is involved in cellular activation and proinflammatory responses. In this study, FLAG-tagged HMGB1 was inducibly expressed the presence of culture media with or without added IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α. purified from cells grown alone only minimally increased cytokine production by MH-S macrophages had no effect on murine...

A clear perception of gene essentiality in bacterial pathogens is pivotal for identifying drug targets to combat emergence new and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, synthetic biology understanding the origins life. We have constructed a comprehensive set deletion mutants systematically identified clearly defined essential genes Streptococcus sanguinis. Our results were confirmed by growing S. sanguinis minimal medium double-knockout paralogous or isozyme genes. Careful examination revealed that...

Although ROS can participate in modulating the activity of transcriptional factor NF-κB and expression NF-κB-dependent genes, mechanisms involved roles specific have not been fully determined. In particular, individual appear to differing effects on activation dependent cell population studied. present study, we examined ability H 2 O affect LPS-stimulated murine neutrophils macrophages. Exposure bone marrow or peritoneal was associated with reduced nuclear translocation decreased production...

Helper Th2-type immune responses are essential in allergic airway diseases, including asthma and rhinitis. Recent studies have indicated that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a crucial role the occurrence development of asthma. However, metabolic profile ILC2s their regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we established two mouse models: an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced model IL-33-induced model. We then used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry...

Dendritic trafficking and translation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts play a key role in mediating synaptic plasticity. Recently, we demonstrated that siRNA-mediated knockdown translin, an RNA-binding protein, impairs KCl-induced dendritic BDNF mRNA cultured hippocampal neurons. We have now assessed whether translin deletion neurons vivo. found its partner trax, undergo translocation response to treatment with pilocarpine, pro-convulsant muscarinic agonist increases...

The biosynthesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) requires the removal linked viral polymerase from 5' end minus strand [(-)strand] relaxed (rcDNA), which generates a deproteinated rcDNA (DP-rcDNA) intermediate. In present study, we systematically characterized four termini cytoplasmic HBV DP-rcDNA by 5'/3' rapid amplification cDNA ends (RACE), radiolabeling, and exonuclease digestion, revealed following observations: (i) possess an identical 3' (-)strand...

Ceramide is a key bioactive mediator that inhibits surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis in lung epithelia. availability governed by sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis, but less known regarding its de novo synthesis. In this study, we observed ceramide within murine epithelia was associated with high-level synthase (dihydroceramide synthase) activity. Longevity assurance homolog 5 (LASS5) the predominant isoform detected epithelia, whereas relatively lower level expression for other...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric caused by enterovirus infection. It typically presents as fever along with flat, discolored spots bumps on the hands, feet, mouth. Compared other viruses, 71 (EV71)-induced HFMD more prone to cause severe complications in children, such brainstem encephalitis, cardiopulmonary disorders, even death. More in-depth studies are still necessary understand characteristics of EV71-induced HFMD, although some related research has been...

β-cell microRNA-21 (miR-21) is increased by islet inflammatory stress but it decreases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Thus, we sought to define the effects of miR-21 on function using in vitro and vivo systems.We developed a tetracycline-on system pre-miR-21 induction clonal β-cells human islets, along with transgenic zebrafish mouse models β-cell-specific overexpression.β-cell markedly reduced GSIS led reductions transcription factors associated identity markers...

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Surviving beta cells in type 1 diabetes respond to inflammation by upregulating programmed death-ligand (PD-L1) engage immune cell death-1 (PD-1) and limit destruction self-reactive cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) their cargo can serve as biomarkers of health contribute islet intercellular communication. We hypothesized that the inflammatory milieu increases PD-L1 EV may protect against immune-mediated death. Methods Beta lines human islets were treated with...

AbstractThis work aimed to investigate the volatile components in crude and processed herbal medicines (HMs). Using Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) as a model HM, were captured through on-line purge trap technique identified by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF MS) system. A total of 224 171 compounds AMR samples, respectively. After frying with honey-bran, 52 which found samples disappeared 15 newly generated AMR....

The transcriptional activity of Pdx1 is modulated by a diverse array coregulatory factors that govern chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and nucleosome distribution. We previously identified the Chd4 subunit remodeling deacetylase complex as Pdx1-interacting factor. To identify how loss impacts glucose homeostasis gene expression programs in β-cells vivo, we generated an inducible β-cell–specific knockout mouse model. Removal from mature islet rendered mutant animals intolerant,...

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, as occurs in cystic fibrosis, is associated with decreased surfactant phospholipid levels. To investigate mechanisms, we measured synthesis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major phospholipid. Mice received an agarose bead slurry alone, or were infected beads containing a clinical mucoid isolate P. aeruginosa. Bacterial infection after 3 days resulted approximately 50% reduction DPPC content versus control. These changes co-ordinate...

Reproductive tract pathology caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection is an important global cause of human infertility. To better understand the mechanisms associated with Chlamydia-induced genital pathogenesis in humans, we used CRISPR genome editing to disrupt Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) function oviduct epithelial (hOE) cell line OE-E6/E7 order investigate possible role(s) TLR3 signaling immune response Disruption these cells significantly diminished synthesis several inflammation...

The pancreatic β cell synthesizes, packages, and secretes insulin in response to glucose-stimulation maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Under diabetic conditions, a subset of cells fail lose expression key transcription factors (TFs) required for secretion. Among these TFs is Pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), which recruits unique transcriptional coregulators modulate its activity. Here we describe novel interacting partner PDX1, the Staphylococcal Nuclease Tudor domain-containing...

The prevention and management of bacterial infection are the mainstays therapies for irradiation victims. However, worries about adverse effects arise from gut commensal flora depletion owing to broad-spectrum antibiotics treatment. In present study, we investigated bacteria on mice receiving total-body (TBI) at a single dose 12 Gy. One group was merely exposed TBI but free antibiotic treatment throughout experiment, while other two groups were additionally given antibiotics, either 2 weeks...

Based on the Kirchhoff approximation and theoretical analysis of random light fields, speckle intensity distributions in extremely deep Fresnel diffraction region are simulated. The fractal property speckles as well relation between distribution corresponding surface is investigated. We design a microscope system to detect experimentally region, experimental results prove conclusions drawn from our simulations.

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is primarily due to the inability of intestinal mucosa establish typical immunological tolerance proteins found in cow's milk, and specific molecular mechanism still unclear. In order investigate alterations tissues during CMPA occurrence, this study analyzed jejunal tissue β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-sensitized mice through transcriptomics quantitative tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled proteomics. A total 475 differentially expressed genes (256 up-regulated, 219...

Abstract β cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role as paracrine effectors in islet health, yet mechanisms connecting stress to changes EV cargo and potential impacts on diabetes remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that inflammatory engages neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2)-dependent formation pathways, generating ceramide-enriched EVs could impact surrounding cells. Consistent with this, proinflammatory cytokine treatment of INS-1 cells human islets concurrently increased nSMase2...