The fate of plastid and mitochondrial nucleoids (pt mt nucleoids) ofTriticum aestivum was followed during the reproductive organ formation using fluorescence microscopy after staining with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). This investigation showed a drastic morphological change pt differentiation organs from shoot apex. Dot-shaped grew into ring-shaped ones, which divided small pieces in monocellular pollen grain, as observed this plant's earlier stage leaf development. During...

Summary Septins are a group of GTP ‐binding proteins that multi‐functional, with well‐known role in cytokinesis animals and fungi. Although the functions septins have been thoroughly studied opisthokonts (fungi animals), function evolution plant/algal not as well characterized. Here we describe septin localization expression green algae N annochloris bacillaris M arvania geminata . The present data suggest localize at division site when occurs. In addition, show homologs may be found only...

The evolution of sex chromosomes and mating loci in organisms with UV systems sex/mating type determination haploid phases via genes on is not well understood. We report the structure (MT) locus its evolutionary history green seaweed Ulva partita, which a multicellular organism an isomorphic haploid-diploid life cycle phase. Comprehensive comparison total 12.0 16.6 Gb genomic next-generation sequencing data for mt- mt+ strains identified highly rearranged MT 1.0 1.5 Mb size containing 46 67...

The morphological changes of plastid nucleoids (pt nucleoids) in the shoot apex and along axis leaf blade Triticum aestivum L. cv. Asakaze were followed with fluorescence microscopy after staining 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) quantified supersensitive microspectrophotometry. Proplastids contained 1–10 spherical pt nucleoids. These changed to a row cup-shaped sausage-shaped plastids at base both dark light conditions, which active cell division was observed. structures have higher copy...

Apomixis is an asexual reproduction system without fertilization, which important proliferation strategy for plants and algae. Here, we report on the apomeiosis in green seaweed Ulva prolifera, has sexual obligate populations. Genomic PCR of mating type (MT)-locus genes revealed thalli carrying both MT genomes. Observation chromosomes during formation each reproductive cell that cells performed chromosome reduction. Moreover, genotyping laboratory-cultured sporophytic produced not only...

Gametes of the marine green alga Ulva compressa L. are biflagellate and pear shaped, with one eyespot at posterior end cell. The species is an early evolutionary stage between isogamy anisogamy. In past, zygote formation algae was categorized solely by relative sizes gametes produced two mating types (+ -). Recently, however, locations cell fusion sites and/or structures have been observed to differ in several (asymmetry site structure positions). To use this asymmetry for determining gamete...

SUMMARY Using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and fluorescence microscopy, the respective relationships between arrangement of gamete cell‐fusion site inheritance pattern chloroplast DNA (cp‐DNA) were studied for Caulerpa brachypus Harvey, C. okamurae Weber‐van Bosse, racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh var. laete‐virens (Montagne) serrulata f. lata (Weber‐van Bosse) Tseng. The eyespot biflagellate was visualized using FE‐SEM. female gamete, but not male, has one on cell body...

SUMMARY Behavior of the eyespots during fertilization Ulva arasakii Chihara was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). FE-SEM enabled visualization eyespot biflagellate male and female gametes. The smaller gamete has one protruded (1.3 ± 0.15 μm× 1.0 0.29 μm) larger a (1.6 0.2 1.1 0.13 on posterior position cell. cell membrane over region is relatively smooth compared to other parts body exhibits hexagonal arranged lipid globules. Because size morphology are...

We found diaphototactic behavior (i.e. the cells swim perpendicularly with respect to incident light) in a strain colorless eyespot of unicellular disk-shaped green flagellate Mesostigma viride. Lacking pigments completely eyespot, screening effect this was due only central part chloroplast whose cross section thin. The diaphototaxis most obvious when unilateral stimulus light (520-580 nm) given, whereas positive phototaxis appeared given blue (430-490 nm). choice between and (ordinary)...

Cell surfaces of biflagellate gametes and their morphological changes during fertilization Bryopsis maxima Okamura were observed using a high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscope. Male have broad narrow faces, which are divided into at least five morphologically distinct regions: 1) the apical plate is plate‐like structure that approximately 380–530 nm long 190 wide, in center papilla slightly protruded from plasma membrane; 2) strips smooth materials on ridges originate...

Flagellar movement and mating behavior of the biflagellate gametes marine green alga, Ulva arasakii was studied using high-speed video microscopy to clarify rapid fertilization process algae. Discharged male female always swing their flagella backward during forward swimming. The beat pattern is flagellar with undulatory waves produced at base being propagated toward tip. One cycle takes 15 ms in both gametes. When gamete encountered gamete, initial contact between two took place one tip...

Gamete fusion or fertilization is one of the most important steps in sexual reproduction. HAP2/GCS1 a potential gamete membrane component. We analyzed whole genome sequences two strains with opposite mating types (mt− and mt+) marine macroalga Ulva compressa found that identical genomic regions homologous existed their draft sequences. Although an RNA-Seq analysis revealed variety transcripts was expressed from containing both gametophyte mt− mt+ genotypes, putative transcript coding protein...

Summary Behaviors of the flagellar apparatuses (flagella, basal bodies, microtubular roots, etc.), mating structures and eyespots gametes during fertilization M onostroma nitidum were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy transmission microscopy. The biflagellate isogamete (mt + mt − ) structure has a position that is converse between relative to beat plane eyespot. After adhesion gametes, gamete fusion occurred two structures. cell expanded surface as circumscribed by...

Stichococcus Nägeli is a unicellular green algal species that belongs to the Trebouxiophyceae. bacillaris NIES-3639 propagates by binary fission, but can form filament without separating into two daughter cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed cytokinesis starts according invagination of plasma membrane at plane division. Synthesis cell wall occurs on surface invaginating during protoplast division phase. The mother may cleave after in either single-cell or state. Field emission...

Cell fusion sites of the gametes relative to flagella and eyespot occupy different positions between opposite mating types in several green algae. This phenomenon has been found by light microscopy Chlamydomonas reinhardtii later confirmed a computer-aided 3D-reconstruction serial sections viewed with transmission electron (TEM). In this study, we determined spatial relationship planozygotes C. using field emission scanning (FE-SEM). technique is very easy, straightforward, enables...